Russian+Revolution+to+Yeltsin

=**Directions ** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier. = = Identification: = A Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was dissolved and replaced by the Soviet Union, a one-party socialist state. industry and businesses were nationalized, and one party took control of all organizations. The Red Army under his ally Trotsky took control of some areas, such as Ukraine, #|Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan that had set up independent states. Politically a Marxist his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism–Leninism. Lenin played a senior role in orchestrating the October Revolution in 1917, which led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first socialist state. Afterwards, the new government under Lenin's leadership proceeded socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates and crown lands to workers' soviets. He supported world revolution and peace with the Central Powers, agreeing to a punitive treaty that turned over a significant portion of the former Russian Empire to Germany. The treaty was voided after the Allies won the war. In 1921 Lenin proposed the New Economic #|Policy, a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialization and recovery from the Civil War. It was a document written by Vladimir Lenin around 1922 - 1923. In the testament, Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. Sensing his imminent death, he commented on the leading members of the Soviet Union to ensure its future. He suggested Joseph Stalin be removed from his position as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee. The letter constitutes a critique of the Soviet government as it then stood, warning of dangers he anticipated and making suggestions for the future. Some of those suggestions include increasing the size of the Party's Central Committee, giving the State Planning Committee legislative powers and changing the nationalities policy which had been implemented by Stalin because Lenin felt that Stalin had more power than he could handle and might be dangerous if allowed to succeed him. Lenin also criticized other Politburo members along with two younger Bolshevik leaders, Bukharin and Pyatakov in the letter. (1879–1953), Soviet statesman, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR 1922–53
 * Questions for Imperialism **
 * AP European History **
 * (Matafadi) - **Vladimir Ilyich Lenin-
 * (McCutchan) - **//Lenin's Testament//
 * (Measom) - **Joseph Stalin

His adoptive name Stalin means ‘man of steel’. Having isolated his political rival Trotsky, by 1927 Stalin was the uncontested leader of the Communist Party. In 1928 he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture; as a result of this process some 10 million peasants are thought to have died. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless. After the victory over Hitler in 1945 he maintained a firm grip on neighboring Communist states.
 * (Mendez) - ** Leon Trotsky- Was a profound marxist and theroist, soviet politican and the founder and the 1st leader of the red army, also was a part of the october revolution to become a party leader.
 * (Monteith) - **Alexander Kerensky
 * (Moreno) - **Lev Kamenev:
 * Lev Kamenev was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. (July 18, 1883 – 25 August, 1936)
 * He was seen as a big opponent in opposition to Stalin and was executed in the Great Purge.
 * He shortly served as the first head of state in Soviet Russia in 1917.
 * Fun Fact: He was the brother-in-law of Leon Trotsky.

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov was born in the village of Kukarka to Mr. Skryabin, a shop clerk. He was educated at a secondary school in Kazan, and joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1906. For his political work he took the pseudonym Molotov (from the Russian word for hammer, molot). He was arrested in 1909 and spent two years in exile in Siberia. In 1911 he enrolled at the St Petersburg Polytechnic, and also joined the editorial staff of Pravda, the underground Bolshevik newspaper, of which Joseph Stalin was editor. In 1913 he was again arrested and deported to Irkutsk, but in 1915 he escaped and returned to the capital. In 1916 Molotov became a member of Bolshevik Party's committee in Petrograd, and when the February Revolution broke out in 1917 he was one of the few Bolsheviks of any standing in the capital. As a protégé of Stalin, he became a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee which was responsible for the October Revolution that pushed Stalin to power. In 1918 Molotov was sent to Ukraine during its civil war, but did little fighting. In 1920 he was recalled to Russia by Stalin to become a member of the party secretariat. In 1921 he became a member of the Central Committee, and in 1926 a member of the Politburo. Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Russian: Валенти́на Влади́мировна Терешко́ва; born 6 March 1937) is a retired Soviet cosmonaut and engineer, and the first woman to have flown in space, having been selected from more than four hundred applicants and five finalists to pilot Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. In order to join the Cosmonaut Corps, Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the Soviet Air Force and thus she also became the first civilian to fly in space.
 * (Nachtergaele) - **Grigory Zinoviev: Zinoviev was a semi-popular Russian politician. He was a Jew that strongly stood against Stalin and his ideas. He always found a way to cause unrest somehow and wanted to kill as many 'guilty' Russians as possible. He was officially a Bolshevik revolutionary that believed in peaceful change, yet had such a destructive mentality. He was later in life arrested and executed in 1936 due to the fact that he had allegedly been plotting to kill Stalin.
 * (Nguyen, N.) - **Vyacheslav Molotov
 * (Nugen) - **Nikita Krushchev
 * (Olmos) - **Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. Gagarin was the 1st human being to journey outer space. He was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union. Vostok I was his only space flight.
 * (Phillips) - **Valentina Tereshkova -

Before her recruitment as a cosmonaut, Tereshkova was a textile factory assembly worker and an amateur skydiver. After the dissolution of the first group of female cosmonauts in 1969, she became a prominent member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, holding various political offices. She remained politically active following the collapse of the Soviet Union and is still revered as a heroine in post-Soviet Russia. //On October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.The public feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets struck again; on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, carrying a much heavier load, including a dog named Laika. Immediately after the Sputnik I launch in October, the U.S. Defense Department responded to the political furor by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. As a simultaneous alternative to Vanguard, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on the Explorer project. On January 31, 1958, the tide changed, when the United States successfully launched Explorer.This satellite carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen. The Explorer program continued as a successful ongoing series of lightweight, scientifically useful spacecraft.The Sputnik launch also led directly to the creation of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In July 1958, Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act (commonly called the "Space Act"), which created NASA as of October 1, 1958 from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government agencies. // //**(Rivers) - **Mikhial Gorbachev- is a former Soviet statesman. He was the seventh and last undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet// //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Romero) - **Boris Yeltsin// -1931 - 2007 -Russian politician and the first President of the Russian federation -supporter of Mikhail Gorachev -vowed to transform Russia's socialist command economy into a free market economy -implemented economic shock therapy, price liberalization and privatization programs -the Yeltsin era was marked by widespread corruption, inflation, economic collapse, and political/social problems -(October 1993 Russian constitutional crisis) illegally ordered the dissolution of the parliament -introduced a new constitution with stronger presidential power -left the presidency in the hands of the then Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (1999)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Ponce) - **Yuri Andropov
 * was a Soviet politician and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from November 12, 1982 until his death fifteen months later
 * died from total renal failure
 * as ambassador to Hungary (July 1954–March 1957), he played a major role in coordinating the Soviet invasion of that country
 * in 1967, becoming head of the KGB
 * his policies as head of the KGB were repressive
 * became chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (president) on June 16, 1983
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Raison) - **Andrei Gromyko --- He was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. He was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1988.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Rajpurohit) - **NEP -
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;"> New Economic Policy (NEP) ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;">, **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing a temporary retreat from its previous policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism. The policy of War Communism, in effect since 1918, had by 1921 brought the national economy to the point of total breakdown. The rebellion <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2393bd; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">of March 1921 convinced the Communist Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin, of the need to retreat from socialist policies in order to maintain the party’s hold on power. Accordingly, the 10th Party Congress in March 1921 introduced the measures of the New Economic Policy. These measures included the return of most agriculture, retail trade, and small-scale light industry to private ownership and management while the state retained control of heavy industry, transport, banking, and foreign trade. Money was reintroduced into the economy in 1922 (it had been abolished under War Communism).
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Rebotee) - **kulaks
 * A prosperous or wealthy Russian landowner in the late 19th century
 * A farmer characterized by Communists as having excessive wealth
 * NEP favored the kulaks because it encouraged peasants to increase agricultural production
 * 1929-USSR began collectivization of agriculture
 * Kulaks resisted because they didn't want to give up their land
 * Dekulakization-Kulaks and other peasants who opposed collectivization were persecuted and deported to Siberia
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Redburn) - **Sputnik

//**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Rue) - **Konstantine Chernenko// Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Was elected despite concerns over his health and against the wishes of his predecessor, Yuri Andropov, who wanted Gorbachev to succeed him. //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Russell) - **Détente --// ''Literally meaning, 'the **easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries** **'** the term is often used in **reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States** which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a 'thawing out' or 'un-freezing' at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. During this period, **the SALT 1 treaty and the Helsinki accords were ratified.** Detente **ended when the soviet russia invaded afghanistan,** which led to the US boycott of the 1980 moscow olympics. ' //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Schaefer) - ** Cuban Missile Crisis -Also called the October Crisis, The Missile Scare in Cuba, and the Caribbean Crisis in the former USSR, it was a 13-day confrontation with the Soviet Union and Cuba on the offensive and the United States playing defense. This event is regarded as the moment when the Cold War nearly caused World War 3 and is the first recorded instance of mutual assured destruction or MAD. The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred after the United States had placed nuclear missiles in Turkey and Italy and they failed to overthrow the Cuban regime when Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro made a secret agreement in July, 1962. After the agreement was made, several missile sites went into construction. The crisis finally came to a head on October 28, 1962, when Kennedy and UN Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with Khrushchev which stated the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and send them back to the USSR, subject to UN verification, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement never to invade Cuba and to dismantle all US-built Jupiter IRBMs, armed with nuclear warheads, deployed in Turkey and Italy and aimed at the Soviet Union. As a result of the crisis the Washington-Moscow hotline was established.// //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Schrop) - **Berlin Crisis//

// In 1945, the Allies decided to split Germany into four zones of occupation. The capital, Berlin, was also split into four zones. The USSR took huge reparations from its zone in eastern Germany, but Britain, France and America tried to improve conditions in their zones. // // In June 1948, Britain, France and America united their zones into a new country, West Germany. On 23 June 1948, they introduced a new currency, which they said would help trade. // // The next day, Stalin cut off all rail and road links to west Berlin - the Berlin Blockade. The west saw this as an attempt to starve Berlin into surrender, so they decided to supply west Berlin by air. // // The Berlin Blockade lasted 318 days. During this time, 275,000 planes transported 1.5 million tons of supplies and a plane landed every three minutes at Berlin's Templehof airport. // // On 12 May 1949, Stalin abandoned the blockade. //

//**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Siraphet) - **Warsaw Pact : The Warsaw Pact was a defense treaty among Central and Eastern European nation with the U.S.S.R. Establishing the initiative of the creation of the treaty during the Cold War that was signed on May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland. This pact was to counter the pact made among Western European nations and the United States of America, NATO. During the Cold War, The Warsaw Pact and NATO never directly waged war with European countries. After the Cold War, the Warsaw Pact was disbanded due to the collapsing Soviet Union in December of 1991 and Eastern European nations in the pact, such as Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany deposed their governments during the period of 1989 to 1991. By 1991, the Warsaw Pact was disbanded. // //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Sjostrom) - **Socialist Realism// // Official artistic mandate for Soviet literature (de facto for art, music, film, and architecture as well), a practice that, theoretically, governed the production of any work of art until the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. // //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Tellez) - **Leningrad// //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Theisen) - **Stalingrad//


 * // - August 23, 1942- February 2, 1943. //**


 * // - a major battle of WWII where Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city Stalingrad. //**


 * // - marked as one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare. //**


 * // - eventually the Axis powers exhausted their ammunition and food supplies, and the remaining Axis soldiers surrendered. //**

//**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Thomas) - **Moscow// //** -1918 Bolsheviks moved capital from Saint Petersburg back to Moscow **// //** -many armed risings & strikes that led to October Revolution **// //** -"Soviet era" **// //** -Red Army located here **// //** -1941 German Army Group Centre stopped **// //** -awarded title of Hero City because of the anniversary of the victory in WWII **// //** -1980 hosted Summer Olympic Games **// // **-1935 Moscow Metro opened (centerpiece of transportation system)** // //** -1991 coup attempt by conservators opposed to liberal reforms **//

//**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Weiss) - **Nicholas II// //The last Emperor of Russia. He single handedly continued the corruption of Russia which ultimately destroyed the economy and continued the trends of his predecessors. He ultimately dreamed of a united Slavic empire which would stretch from Russia to the Balkans. Through this he would need to topple the Ottomans slowly and form alliance with other Slavic states such as Serbia. Ultimately, this threat ended up uniting Russia and Serbia under an alliance against Austria-Hungary, which would rapidly descend into the chaos of World War I. Russia's alliance with Serbia and aspirations to topple the Ottomans caused the Central powers to consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany ( who was allied with Austria), and the Ottomans. Also, France hated Germany due to its actions in the 1860's, thus France joined up on the side of Serbia and Russia just to get even with Germany.// //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Wieland) - **KGB// //KGB, an anagram for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti, translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its collapse in 1991. Formed in 1954 as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as Cheka, NKGB, and MGB, the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers. It was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", acting as internal security, intelligence, and secret police. Similar agencies were instated in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia and consisted of many ministries, state committees, and state commissions. A military service and was governed by army laws and regulations, similar to the Soviet Army or MVD Internal Troops. Its main functions were foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operative-investigatory activities, guarding the State Border of the USSR, guarding the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, organization and ensuring of government communications as well as combating nationalism, dissent, and anti-Soviet activities. After the dissolution of the USSR, the KGB was split into the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation.// //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Xia) - **NKVD=it was a secret police in all its simplicitty, it was under the command of the all union communist party. They were responsible for the random acts of violence under the reign of Josiph Stalin. It was formed in 1934 and disbanded it 1965. They also ran the gulag system of forced labor camps and took care of rebellions and uprisings with extreme prejudice.// //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Yakubek) - **Rasputin:// Baptized 22 January 1869 – murdered on 30 December 1916) was a Russian peasant, mystic and private adviser to the Romanovs, who became an influential figure in the later years of tsar Nicholas. This was especially the case after August 1915 when the Emperor left Petrograd for Stavka at the front, leaving his wife Alexandra Feodorovna to act in his place. Some people—then and now—believe that Rasputin's personal influence over the Tsarina became so great that it was he who ordered the destinies of Imperial Russia, while she compelled her weak husband to fulfill them. Brian Moynahan describes him as "a complex figure, intelligent, ambitious, idle, generous to a fault, spiritual, and - utterly- amoral." He was obsessed by religion and impressed many people with his knowledge and ability to explain the Bible in an uncomplicated way. Rasputin was neither a monk nor a saint; he never belonged to any order or religious sect. He was considered a strannik ("pilgrim"), wandering from cloister to cloister, and regarded as a starets ("guru") and a Yurodiviy (holy fool) by his followers, who also believed him to be a psychic and faith healer. Rasputin himself did not consider himself to be a starets. Rasputin spoke an almost incomprehensible Siberian dialect and never preached or spoke in public. In 1907, Rasputin was invited by Nicholas and Alexandra Feodorovna to heal their only son, tsarevich Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia. "In the mind of the Tsarina Rasputin was closely associated with the health of her son, and the welfare of the monarchy." The Tsarina saw Rasputin as a "Man of God", a holy fool and clairvoyant. Rasputin's involvement with the Tsar originated in the royal family's isolation from the public; his role is seen as a factor that widened that isolation, especially towards the end of the reign of Nicholas II. There is much uncertainty over Rasputin's life and influence, as accounts are often based on dubious memoirs, hearsay and legend. In Russia, Rasputin is seen by many ordinary people and clerics, among them the late Elder Nikolay Guryanov, as a righteous man. However, Alexy II of Moscow said that any attempt to make a saint of Rasputin would be "madness".

Twice in his life Rasputin walked to the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev, almost 3,000 km from his village While his influence and role may have been exaggerated, historians agree that his presence played a significant part in the increasing unpopularity of the Tsar and his wife immediately prior to the February Revolution of 1917. The conspirators, who did not accept a peasant being so close to the Imperial couple, had hoped that Rasputin's removal would cause the Tsarina to retreat from political activities. They also believed that Rasputin was an agent of Germany, but he was more of a pacifist, opposed to all wars. //**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Anthony) - **Anastasia// //** Anastasia was born on June 18, 1901, in Petrodvorets, Russia. On July 16, 1918, she and her family were executed in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Her mother was Alexandra Feodorovna, who became known as Empress Alexandra after her marriage. Her father, Nicholas II, was Russia's final tsar, and part of the Romanov dynasty that had ruled the country for three centuries. Anastasia had four siblings: three older sisters named Olga, Tatiana and Maria, and a younger brother named Alexei, who was heir to the throne.The tight-knit Romanov family lived peacefully at Tsarskoe Palace until Nicholas II generated increasing public hostility during World War I. In March of 1917 as soldiers launched a mutiny and began seizing royal property, Nicholas II agreed to abdicate the throne in hopes of preventing a Russian civil war. Anastasia and her family were then exiled to the Ural Mountains and placed under house arrest. Bolsheviks led by Vladmir Lenin fought to replace imperial rule with a new Communist regime, and the Romanov family was awoken in the middle of the night and told to get dressed. On orders of the Supreme Soviet council of Russia, Yakov Yurovsky, commandant of the Special House of Purpose, led Anastasia and her family down to a basement under the excuse that they were being protected from the coming chaos of advancing counterrevolutionaries. The family was met by a group of executioners, who opened fired on Anastasia and her parents and siblings. **//

//**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Arellano) - **//perestroika- //was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.// // Perestroika is often argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War. //

//**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Baker) - **//glasnost
 * Literally: "Publicity"
 * A Policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.
 * Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s, Glasnost is often paired with Perestroika (literally: Restructuring), another reform instituted by Gorbachev at the same time.
 * The word was frequently used by Gorbachev to specify the policies he believed might help reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, and moderate the abuse of administrative power in the Central Committee.
 * Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less censorship and greater freedom of information.

The **Mensheviks** (sometimes called **Menshevists** Russian: меньшевик [|[1]][|[2]] ) were a faction of the Russian socialist movement that emerged in 1904 after a dispute in the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, leading to the party splitting into two factions, one being the Mensheviks and the other being the Bolsheviks. The dispute originated at the Second Congress of that party, ostensibly over minor issues of party organization. Martov's supporters, who were in the minority in a crucial vote on the question of party membership, came to be called "//Mensheviks//", derived from the Russian word **меньшинство** (//men'shinstvo//, "//minority//"), whereas Lenin's adherents were known as "Bolsheviks", from //bol'shinstvo// ("//majority//"). [|[3]][|[4]][|[5]][|[6]][|[7]] The Mensheviks subscribed to an Orthodox Marxist view of social and economic development, believing that socialism could not be achieved in Russia due to its backwards economic conditions, and that Russia would first have to experience a bourgeoisie revolution and go through a capitalist stage of development before socialism was technically possible and before the working class was able to develop the necessary consciousness for a socialist revolution. [|[8]] The Mensheviks were thus opposed to the Bolshevik idea of a Vanguard party and pursuit of socialist revolution in Russia. Neither side held a consistent majority over the course of the congress. The split proved to be long-standing and had to do both with pragmatic issues based in history such as the failed revolution of 1905, and theoretical issues of class leadership, class alliances, and interpretations of historical materialism. While both factions believed that a "//bourgeois democratic//" revolution was necessary, the Mensheviks generally tended to be more moderate and were more positive towards the liberal opposition and the dominant peasant-based Socialist Revolutionary party.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Barner) - **bolshevik
 * means "majority" or "one of the majority"
 * believe in violent revolutions to achieve what is needed; split apart from the Mensheviks; wanted a highly centralized party
 * founded by Vladimir Lenin; took control of the government in the October Revolution of 1917 during the Russian Revolution
 * increasingly popular among urban workers and soldiers
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bassett) - **mensheviks-


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bates) - **Comintern - The Third (Communist) International was abbreviated as the Comintern. It was an international communist organization created in Moscow in 1919. It intended to overthrow the international bourgeoisie and wanted to create an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State. It was founded after the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Lenin organized the Zimmerwald Left against those who refused to approve any statement endorsing socialist revolutionary action, and after the dissolution of the Second International. The Comintern held seven World Congresses between 1919 and 1935. It was officialy dissolved by Stalin in 1943.

The International was created by 52 delegates from 34 parties, four of which were from Great Britain, and another four from the United States. The main topic discussed at the founding congress was the difference in a bourgeois democracy and a dictatorship of the proletariat.

At the Second World Congress Lenin sent out his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties, which called for division between Communist parties and other socialist groups.

It sponsored international organizations such as; the Communist Youth International, Communist Women's International, International Red Aid, the League against Imperialism. and Workers International Relief. At the beginning of WW2 the Comintern had a non-intervention policy until the Soviet Union was invaded in 1941 and then it became an active supporter of the Allies in the war, and two years later the Executive Committee called for the dissolution of Comintern in all sections of the International.

In the 1980s, Solidarity was a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement, using the methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change.The government attempted to destroy the union during the period of martial law in the early 1980s and several years of political repression , but in the end it was forced to negotiate with the union.The Round Table Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected President of Poland.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Benavides) - **Collectivization-
 * (Soviet Union) was enforced under Stalin between 1928 and 1940.
 * The goal of this policy was to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms.
 * The Soviet leadership was confident that the replacement of individual peasant farms by collective ones would immediately increase the food supply for urban population, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports.
 * Collectivization was thus regarded as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had developed since 1927.
 * This problem became more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program.
 * In the early 1930s over 91% of agricultural land was "collectivized" as rural households entered collective farms with their land, livestock, and other assets. The sweeping collectivization often involved tremendous human and social costs.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Boboy) - **Solidarity- Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe; led by Lech Walesa.First non-Communist Party controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country

the main group of people in a Communist government who make decisions about policy was a Russian novelist, historian, and critic of Soviet totalitarianism. He helped to raise global awareness of the gulag and the Soviet Union's forced labour camp system. While his writings were often suppressed, he wrote many books, most notably //The Gulag Archipelago//, //One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich// and //Two Hundred Years Together//. Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature". He was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974 but returned to Russia in 1994 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. <span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Pravda (“Truth”) is a Russian political newspaper associated with the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The newspaper was started by the Russian Revolutionaries during the pre-World War I days and emerged as a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">After the dissolution of the USSR, Pravda was closed down by the then Russian President Boris Yeltsin. As was the fate of many of the Soviet-era enterprises Pravda too suffered a huge economic downfall and after that the paper was sold to a Greek business family. Finally the Communist Party of Russian Federation acquired the newspaper in 1997 and established it as its principal mouthpiece. <span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Pravda is still functioning from the same headquarters on Pravda Street in Moscow where it was published in the Soviet days. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">During the Cold War, Pravda was well known in the West for its pronouncements as the official voice of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Boyer) - **politburo
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bratcher) - **Alexandre Solzhenitsyn
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Brinlee) - **//Pravda -//