Neo+Imperialism

=**Directions ** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier. = = Identification: =
 * Questions for Imperialism **
 * AP European History **
 * (Anthony) - **Abdul Hamid
 * (31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909)was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and hee oversaw a period of decline in the power of the Empire, including widespread pogroms and government massacres against the #|minorities of the Empire (named the Hamidian massacres after him) . He ruled from 31 August 1876 until he was overthrown after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution in 1909. He was succeeded by his brother Mehmed V. Abdul Hamid's removal from the throne led to a return to constitutional rule which most Ottoman citizens #|wanted. Abdul Hamid had reduced most of his government #|ministers to secretaries and dissolved the Ottoman parliament and constitution in 1878 which ended the first constitutional era and gave him absolute control for 30 years. The Ottoman Empire went to war with Russia and lost resulting in the Treaty of San Stefano. It imposed harsh terms: the Ottoman Empire gave independence to Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro; it granted autonomy to Bulgaria; instituted reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina ; and ceded parts of Dobrudzha to Romania and parts of Armenia to Russia, which was also paid an enormous security. **
 * (Arellano) - **Ahmad Orabi- Colonel Ahmed Orabi was a nationalist Egyptian and an officer of the Egyptian army. The first political and military leader in Egypt to rise from the fellahin, ‘Urabi participated in a 1879 mutiny that developed into a general revolt against the Anglo-French dominated <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] of Khedive Tewfik. He was promoted to Tewfik's cabinet and began reforms of Egypt's military and civil administrations, but a massacre of foreign and native Christians in Alexandria in 1882 prompted a British bombardment and invasion that deposed ‘Urabi and his allies in favor of a British occupation.
 * (Baker) - **Alexander I
 * Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825
 * His foreign policy was erratic; his allies never fully trusted him.
 * In 1805, he joined Britain in the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon, but after the massive Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz he switched and formed an alliance with Napoleon by the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) and joined Napoleon's Continental System. He fought a small-scale naval war against Britain, 1807-12. He and Napoleon could never agree, especially about Poland, and the alliance collapsed by 1810.
 * Hid greatest triumph came in 1812 as Napoleon's invasion of Russia proved a total disaster for the French.
 * As part of the winning coalition against Napoleon he gained some spoils in Finland and Poland, making him the consequential Kind of Poland, as well as the Grand Duke of Finland.
 * **He formed the Holy Alliance** to suppress revol utionary movements in Europe that he saw as immoral threats to legitimate Christian monarchs.


 * (Barner) - **Alexander II
 * Lived 1818-1881 (reigned 1855-1881, was assassinated)
 * most famously known for emancipating the serfs in 1861
 * reformed the judicial <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]], promoted self-government with zemstvo system, imposed universal military service , and ended some privileges of the nobility
 * promoted <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]], and sent many people into exile in Siberia through his secret police
 * sold Alaska to the U.S in 1867
 * (Bassett) - **Alexander III-
 * or Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Рома́нов) (10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 20 October [O.S. 8 October] 1894. He was highly conservative and reversed some of the liberal measures of his father, Alexander II. During Alexander's reign Russia fought no major wars, for which he was styled "The Peacemaker"
 * (Bates) - **Alfred Thayer Mahan - The most important American strategist of the nineteenth century. A United States naval officer, a geostrategist, and a historian, his concept of Naval <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] was based on the idea that the countries with the greater naval power have greater impact worldwide. This idea was put to paper in "The Inlfuence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660--1783" which was publisjed in the year 1890. His ideas had a massive influence with countries around the world in how they made their navies, especially in the United states, Germany, Japan, and Great Britain. That result being a European naval arms race that included the United States.

He was a professor at the Naval War College and in 1886 he became the President of the College, four years before he would release his world changing ideas. Along with "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783" he also wrote; "The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812," "Sea Power in Relation to the War of 1812," and "The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain."

Mahan's views were shaped by the seventeenth century conflicts between Holland, England, France and Spain, and by the nineteenth century naval wars between France and Britain. He emphasized the need for a country to control seaborn <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> which at the time was a rather radical idea. Mahan's theories can't explain how landlocked empires such as Germany could succeed, but in WW1 the Royal Navy's blockade of the German Empire confirmed that his theories were accurate when it came to naval warfare.

Mahan used history as his main source of information while creating his ideas.


 * (Benavides) - **American Civil War

also known as the War Between the States or simply the <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> War civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 (Foreign powers did not intervene.)

after seven Southern slave states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America(the "Confederacy" or the "South"). The states that remained in the Union were known as the "Union" or the "North". The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. At the **Battle of Omdurman** (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the [|British] General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. It was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined European-led army equipped with modern rifles, machine guns and artillery over a vastly larger force armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to re-conquer the Sudan. However, it was not until the 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat that the final Mahdist forces were defeated. was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757. The battle established the Company rule in Bengal which expanded over much of India for the next hundred years. The battle took place at Plassey (anglicized version of Palashi) on the banks of the Bhagirathi River (another name of Hooghly River upstream of Kolkata), about 150 km north of Calcutta and south of Murshidabad, then capital of Bengal (now in Nadia district in West Bengal ). The belligerents were Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company. When Alivardhi Khan died in 1756, Siraj-ud-daulah became the nawab of Bengal. He ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification. Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander in chief of the nawab's army, and attacked Calcutta. He defeated the Nawab at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta. The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 regulated European colonization in Africa during the New Imperialism period. The conference was called for by Portugal and organized by Otto Von Bismarck. An outcome of the conference, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, sparked the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.
 * (Boboy) - **Battle of Isandhlwana-The Battle of Isandlwana on January 22, 1879 was the first major encounter in the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Eleven days after the British commenced their invasion of Zululand in South Africa, a Zulu force of some 20,000 warriors attacked a portion of the British main column consisting of about 1,800 British, colonial and native troops and perhaps 400 civilians. The Zulus were equipped mainly with the traditional assegai iron spears and cow-hide shields,but also had a number of muskets and old rifles though they were not formally trained in their use. The British and colonial troops were armed with the state-of-the-art Martini-Henry breech-loading rifle and two 7-pounder (3-inch, 76 mm) mountain guns deployed as field guns as well as a rocket battery. Despite a vast disadvantage in weapons <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]], the numerically superior Zulus ultimately overwhelmed the poorly led and badly deployed British, killing over 1,300 troops, including all those out on the forward firing line. The Zulu army suffered around a thousand killed.The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand. The British Army had suffered its worst defeat against a technologically inferior indigenous force. Isandlwana resulted in the British taking a much more aggressive approach in the Anglo–Zulu War, leading to a heavily reinforced second invasion and the destruction of King Cetshwayo's hopes of a negotiated peace.
 * (Boyer) - **Battle of Omdurman
 * (Bratcher) - **Battle of Plassy
 * (Brinlee) - **Berlin Conference -



. The first instance of shooting occurred between 10 and 11am. As late as 2pm large family groups were promenading on the [|Nevsky Prospekt] as was customary on Sunday afternoons, mostly unaware of the extent of the violence elsewhere in the city. Amongst them were parties of workers still making their way to the Winter Palace as originally intended by Gapon. A detachment of the Preobrazhensky Guards previously stationed in the Palace Square where about 2,300 soldiers were being held in reserve, now made its way onto the Nevsky and formed two ranks opposite the Alexander Gardens. Following a single shouted warning a bugle sounded and four volleys were fired into the panicked crowd, many of whom had not been participants in the organized marches.
 * (Brown) - **Bloody Sunday-part of the 1905 Russian rebellion where people protested in St. Petersburg to present a petition to tsar Nicholas II and were shot upon by the Imperial Guard and this had huge consequences for the govt. 96 dead and 333 injured about.
 * (Cardoza) - **Boer War
 * British Empire vs. settlers of two independent Boer (Dutch and Afrikaans word for farmer) republics (Orange Free State and Transvaal Republic)
 * two wars fought during 1800-1881 and 1899-1902

First Anglo-Boer War was fought by the South African Republic (ZAR) against the British.
 * The Boers got engaged when the British annexed Transvaal in 1877. The Boers said that the British did not helped them properly.
 * The chances of war were greater when the British wanted to bring Transvaal by force
 * South Africa won

Second Anglo-Boer War If you want to read more about it here is the link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Wars
 * 1899-1902
 * Compared to the one before, it was longer
 * Involved large number of troops and that helped end the conversion of the Boer republics into British colonies
 * The participating colonies formed part of the Union of South Africa later on
 * Transvaal and the Orange Free States fought directly against the British. The British defeated them in open warfare and in a guerrilla campaign.
 * British losses were high because of sickness and combat
 * The cause of suffering the the Boer civilian populations in the Transvaal and the Orange Free States was the "scorched earth" (military strategy that involves destroying anything that can help the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing form the area) and concentration camps

The **Boxer Rebellion**, **Boxer Uprising** or **Yihetuan Movement** was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement which took place in China between 1899 and 1901. It was initiated by the Righteous Harmony Society (Yihetuan) and was motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to foreign imperialism and Christianity. The Great Powers intervened and defeated Chinese forces, in a humiliation for China. The uprising took place against a background of severe drought and the disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence. After several months of growing violence against foreign and Christian presence in Shandong and the North China plain, in June 1900 Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan "Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners." Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter. In response to reports of an armed invasion to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi, supported the Boxers and on June 21 authorized war on foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, Ronglu, later claimed that he acted to protect the besieged foreigners. The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing on August 14 (Siege of the International Legations), lifting the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with the summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers. The Boxer Protocol of September 7, 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver) – more than the government's annual tax revenue, to be paid as indemnity over a course of thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved. - Vivian's old flashcard from last tri (Gisela) Cecil John Rhodes was a British businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa. Rhodes was named the chairman of De Beers at the company's founding in 1888.De Beers, established with funding from NM Rothschild & Sons Limited in 1887, today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds, and at one time marketed 90%. An ardent believer in British colonialism, Rhodes was the founder of the southern African territory of Rhodesia, which was named after him in 1895. He set up the provisions of the Rhodes Scholarship, which is funded by his estate.Historian Richard A. McFarlane has called Rhodes "as integral a participant in southern African and British imperial history as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln are in their respective eras in United States history... Most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the nineteenth century are contributions to the historiography of Cecil Rhodes." Anton Chekhov was born in 1860 and died in 1904 at the age of 44. Chekhov was originally a Russian physician and wrote stories on the side for money, his artistic abilities grew and later led to his success. Although he was also a playwright, Chekhov is most widely known for his success in short stories and great innovations in how they are written, greatly affecting short stories in the modern day. Anton Chekhov is considered one of the greatest short story writers in history.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Carroll) - **Boers -
 * Who: Dutch speaking settlers in South Africa (it's the Afrikaans and Dutch word for Farmer)**
 * What: Man these guys hated British rule, with good reason: The Brits treated them only slightly higher than slaves, even after abolition statements were resounding across the British empire, British soldiers and Boers fought gun battles in the form of skirmishes constantly, especially when a Boer was against an unjust law, many Boers took on the "Great Trek" where Boer farmers fled their country and lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle (farm part of the year, move the rest) When WWI broke out, the Boers seized the opportunity and rebelled violently against the British, but the rebellion was successfully put down and most non-nomadic Boers were dead.**
 * When: 1790's - 1915**
 * Why: The British are jerks when it comes to colonial laws**
 * Where: South Africa (Roughly modern day borders)**
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Consolver) - **Boxer Rebellion
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Coville) - **Cecil Rhodes
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Craver) - **Anton Chekhov

Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (Russian: Серге́й Ю́льевич Ви́тте, Sergey Yul'evich Vitte) (29 June [O.S. 17 June] 1849 – 13 March [O.S. 28 February] 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He served under the last two emperors of Russia. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire. Witte's father Julius Witte came from a Lutheran Baltic German (originally Dutch) family and had been member of the knightage of the City of Pskov. He converted to Russian Orthodoxy upon marriage with Witte's mother Yekaterina Fadeyeva. Sergei Witte's maternal grandfather was Andrei Mikhailovich Fadeyev, a Governor of Saratov and Privy Councillor of the Caucasus, his grandmother was Princess Helene Dolgoruki, and the mystic Helena Blavatsky was his first cousin. He was born in Tiflis, Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Tbilisi, Georgia) and raised in the house of his mother's parents. He finished Gymnasium I in Chişinău and commenced studying. The immediate issue that caused the Crimean War was the protection of the rights of Christians in the Holy Land, with the Russians supporting the rights of Orthodox Christians, and the French supporting the Catholics. Initially, the Russians were winning the war against only the Ottomans, but the British and the French joined in the fight against the Russians to prevent further expansion of Russian power. Much of the fighting was held on the Crimean peninsula (thus the name) and was in large part motivated by a desire to determine who would control trade on the Black Sea. It revealed the industrial weakness of Russia, and was the first modern war in that people utilized railways and telegraphs, and that it was extensively documented in photographs. Additionally, Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole pioneered new medical techniques. result: glorification as a national hero
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Dam) - **Commodore Matthew Perry - Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854 and is often associated with the Open Door Policy. Perry was very concerned with the education of naval officers and helped develop an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered The Father of the Steam Navy in the US.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Davis) - **Count Sergei Witte
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Diver) - **Crimean War
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Do) - **David Livingstone
 * lived from March 19, 1813 – May 1, 1873
 * was a Scittush Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society
 * was an explorer in Africa
 * obssessed with discovering the sources of the Nile River
 * did missionary travels in Africa, disappeared, then was dicovered dead
 * his death led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives started in the era of the European "Scramble for Africa"
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Edward) - **Duma-
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">The Duma were council assemblies which were created by the Tsar of Russia. It is a form of Russian governmental institution that was formed during the reign of the last Tsar, Nicholas II. The Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and czar of Russia. The Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and czar of Russia who transferred it to the Govering system 1721. **

The Franco-Prussian War was between France and Prussia and the German states from July 15, 1870 - Feb. 1, 1871. Napoleon went through the German states with ease during the Napoleonic wars. The roles would now be reversed.Although the war was a short duration, it changed European history. The rapid and overwhelming victory of the German states under the leadership of Prussia in this conflict made the creation of a unified German Empire possible and brought the end of the French empire of Napoleon III which was replaced by the Third Republic. Prussian would first destroy the armies of the emperor Napoleon. The war also marked the final step in Germany's rise to the position of a major continental power. As part of the agreement the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was Germany’s. Which it would have until after World War I.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Elizondo) - **Ferdinand de Lesseps - **(19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894)**
 * **A French diplomat and later developer of the Suez Canal, which in 1869 joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas, substantially reducing sailing distances and times between the West and the East.**
 * **He attempted to repeat this success with an effort to build a Panama Canal at sea-level during the 1880s, but the project was devastated by epidemics of malaria and yellow fever in the area, as well as beset by financial problems, and the planned de Lesseps Panama Canal was never completed. Eventually, the project was bought out by the United States who changed the design to a non-sea-level canal with locks, which was completed in 1914.**
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Elphick) - **Franco - Prussian War

(Evans) - Herbert Spencer - A battleship in the British fleet that caused a naval race between Germany and Britain. It was powered by steam, and had stronger guns (don't ask me how they were stronger, I don't understand ship stuff). She was armored better as well. Though she did not see any use in WWI, naval warfare became much more important in WWII because of her. January 9, 1835 – February 7, 1885 A Japanese financier and founder of Mitsubishi. In 1874, he was contracted by the Japanese government to transport soldiers and war materials. The Japanese government purchased a lot of ships for the Japanese Expedition of 1874 to Taiwan against Taiwan Aborigines in southeast Taiwan and these ships were later given to Mitsubishi after the expedition was finished in 1875. This created strong links between Mitsubishi and the Japanese government that ensured the new company's success. In return, Mitsubishi supported the new Japanese government and transported troops who defeated the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. The success of Mitsubishi became intertwined with the rise of the modern Japanese state. Jingoism is patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy.[1] Jingoism also refers to a country's advocation of the use of threats or actual force against peaceful relations, either economic or political, with other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism. The term originated in Britain, expressing a pugnacious attitude toward Russia in the 1870s, and appeared in the American press by 1893. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif;">8) was a Turkish army officer in the <span style="color: #6e329d; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">[|Ottoman] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif;"> military, revolutionary statesman, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the leading prison army, according to wikipedia. Ataturk was a very large name in the turks history books. He established alot for the turks, and it credited as being one of the best army officers. (1846 - 1899) He was a Sudanese Ansar general and a principal follower of Muhammad Ahmad. In 1885, he became the leader of the Mahdists. To lessen internal struggles, he expanded into Ethiopia, but failed when he attempted to expand into Egypt. His state Sudan later faced agricultural and economic issues, and found itself surrounded by unfriendly European forces. He was defeated after being driven to Omdurman by General Herbert Kitchener. Lieutenant General James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan was born in October of 1797 and died on March 28, 1868. He was an officer in the British Army and during the Crimean War he led the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava. <span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">He was a pretty arrogant and extravagant man, but he could also be very generous to the men in his command and he was also a brave man. He was a member of the landed aristocracy and had been extremely opposed to any political reform in Britain, but during the last year of his life he acknowledged that such a reform would benefit all classes of society. Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis December 31, 1738 – October 5, 1805, styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America. He also served as a civil and military governor in Ireland and India; in both places he brought about significant changes, including the Act of Union in Ireland, and the Cornwallis <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> and the Permanent Settlement in India. -British Earl appointed to lead the first envoy of Britain to China -refused to kowtow to the Chinese Emperor, showing the notions of equality to and/or <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> above the Chinese -envoy was unsuccessful, but historically important due to its impact on British knowledge of Chinese technological standpoints, gradually increasing communication with Chinese officials, and China's missed opportunity to potentially achieve industrialization along with the European nations.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Eubank) - **Gen. Horatio Kitchener - (June 1850 - June 1916) He was a senior officer in the British army, who served for about half of World War I before dying. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the army in Egypt. He was appointed the Secretary of State in War in 1914.
 * British Philosopher
 * Proponent of Evolution
 * wrote about evolution before darwin
 * Most popular and most successful philosopher of the 19th century
 * Contributed to math
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Feagan) - **HMS //Dreadnought//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Fisher) - **Iwasaki Yataro
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Franco) - **Jingoism-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(French) - **Kemal Ataturk
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Harper) - **Khalifa Abdallahi
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Hunt) - **Leon Trotsky--born 7 November 1879 –died 21 August 1940. Leon was a Marxist revolutionist that was one of the initial supporters of the Menshevik party, although he joined the Bolsheviks before the 1917 October Revolution. He also eventually became the leader of Bolsheviks. He was able to position himself in very powerful political positions and greatly influenced the Russian Civil War. After the rise of Stalin, Leon was expelled from the party and later assassinated by Stalin's agents.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Jenkins) - **Lord Cardigan
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Jones) - **Lord Cornwallis
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Keithley) - **Lord George Macartney
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Killough) - Lord Raglan**

FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan, was born June 10th, 1885. He entered the British Army and joined the Grenadier Guards and served in Hong Kong, North Africa, and Palestine and eventually became a major. He served in Sudan from 1913 to 1918. Due to an illness in 1914, he was not able to go fight in The Western Front in World War I and remained in Sudan. In 1921, he returned home to Cefntilla Court in Monmouthshire after the death of his father. He ran the estate as a farm and started studying anthropology, political scie nce, and architecture. He published his first book, Jocasta’s Crime, in 1933 and then his most famous work, The Hero, in 1936. The Hero challenges mythologies hero figures stating that the hero figures have their origin in ritual drama rather than historical fact. The book is formatted as an outline, listing and describing 22 common god-hero archetypes.

He did some amazing things The most enduring Mamluk realm was the military caste in medieval Egypt that rose from the ranks of slave soldiers who were mainly Cumans-Kipchaks of Turkic,Circassian and Georgian origin, although in the Burji (post-1389) Mamluk sultanate many Mamluks could also be of [|Balkan] origin (Albanian, Greek, South Slavic). The "mamluk phenomenon", as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class, was of great political importance and was extraordinarily long-lived, lasting from the 9th to the 19th centuries AD. Over time, mamluks became a powerful military [|caste] in various Muslim societies. Particularly in [|Egypt], but also in the Levant,Mesopotamia, and India, mamluks held political and military power. In some cases, they attained the rank of [|sultan], while in others they held regional power as [|amirs] or [|beys]. Most notably, mamluk factions seized the sultanate for themselves in Egypt and [|Syria] in a period known as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously beat back the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut and fought the Crusaders, effectively driving them out from the Levant by 1291 and officially in 1302 ending the era of the Crusades.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(King) - **Mahdist Rebellion
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Knox) - **Mahmud II
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Kossia) - **Mamluks

While mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be “true lords", with social status above freeborn Muslims Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah was a religious leader in Sudan who lived from 1844 until 1885. In 1881, he proclaimed himself as the messianic redeemer of Islam. This proclamation was part of a military campaign against the oppressive Turco-Egyptian government in Sudan. This movement was influenced by Wahabism and other forms of Islamic revivalism that developed in reaction to growing European dominance in parts of Africa and the Middle East. Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer and philosopher who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Tolstoy was a master of realistic fiction and is widely considered one of the world's greatest novelists. He is best known for two long novels, War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). Tolstoy first achieved literary acclaim in his 20s with his semi-autobiographical trilogy of novels, Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852-1856) and Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based on his experiences in the Crimean War. His fiction output also includes two additional novels, dozens of short stories, and several famous novellas, including The Death of Ivan Ilych, Family Happiness, and Hadji Murad. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays. Tolstoy is equally known for his complicated and paradoxical persona and for his extreme moralistic and ascetic views, which he adopted after a moral crisis and spiritual awakening in the 1870s, after which he also became noted as a moral thinker and social reformer. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and anarcho-pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and James Bevel. (26 February 1869 – 27 February 1939) was a Bolshevik Revolutionary and politician. She married the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin in 1898. She was deputy minister (Comissar) of education from 1929 to 1939. Hey WWII didn't start until 1939, if Nicholas the II died in 1918 how did he mobilize the Russian army in WWII? Is this a typo? Conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. Bismarck provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria and France, and aligned the smaller German states behind Prussia in defeating his arch-enemy France. In 1871 he formed the German Empire with himself as Chancellor, while keeping control of Prussia. German unification and its rapid <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> was the foundation to his foreign policy. He created the first welfare state in the modern world, with the goal of gaining working class support that might otherwise go to his Socialist enemies.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Laughlin) - **Vyacheslav Molotov He was a soviet politician and diplomat and a leading government figure in the 1920's. He rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin. Molotov served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars from 1930 to 1941, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949 and also from 1953 to 1956. He was the principal signatory of the Nazi-soviet Non-aggression act and following World War II, Molotov was a part in many negotiations with Western allies. He was a leading Soviet diplomat and politician until 1949. In March 1949, he lost Stalin's favor, which made him lose the foreign affairs ministry leadership to Andrei Vyshinsky. His relationship with Stalin faded but Molotov still defended Stalin and criticized his successors.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, J.) - **Muhammad Achmad
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, K.) - **Leo Tolstoy
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Linton) - **Nadezhda Krupskaya
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Looney) - **Nicholas I
 * emperor of Russia
 * Also king of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland
 * Inherited throne from his brother Alexander I
 * A revolt broke out in Russia because the people assumed that his brother would take the throne this revolt was called the Decembrist Revolt
 * He led the army in the crimean war which was a Russian fight against the alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, and Britain
 * They lost the Crimean war
 * He helped create an independent Greek State and defeated the Ottomans in the Russo-Turkish war
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Macneill) - **Nicholas II ( 1868 – 1918)
 * Ruled from <span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">October 20th, 1894 to March 15th, 1917.
 * He was the last Russian emperor, as the monarchy was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in 1918. He, along with the rest of his family were assassinated.
 * During the Russo-Japanese War he strongly believed that Russia would win, making him hesitant to negotiate peace despite the actual bleak outlook for Russia.
 * Grigori Rasputin had a rather negative influence over the royal family during Nicholas's rein, and Nicholas had been advised to remove him on several occasions. However, he didn't do so due to the Tsarina's gratitude to him for helping their son with his hemophilia.
 * During World War II, he chose to mobilize the Russian army despite advice from his advisers not to. Russia entered the war as an ally to Britain and France.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Martinez) - **Opium War
 * Was fought between Great Britain and the Chinese about the having opium inside China.
 * Started when China captured and denied entrance of a British trade ship that contained opium and sent it back to Britain.
 * China was tired of what the opium was doing to the society and how the trade of wealth was going out so they stopped Britain and said you are no longer welcome in China. The British refused to leave their money making operation and fought against China in order to keep opium in the country but they were defeated. Although the British lost the war the economic impact on China was huge and destroyed the economic structure of China and sent them back a few centuries.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Matafadi) - **Otto von Bismarck-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(McCutchan) - ** Aleksandr Pushkin

(1799 – 1837) he was a Russian author of the Romantic era that is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin was born into Russian nobility in Moscow and published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. While under the strict surveillance of the Tsar's political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, the drama Boris Godunov. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832.

Grigori Rasputin was born intoa peasant family in Siberia, Russia, around 1869. After failing to become a monk, Rasputin became a wanderer and eventually entered the court of Czar Nicholas II because of his alleged healing powers. Known for his p rophetic powers, he became a favorite of the Nicholas's wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, after he allegedly healed her son Alexis, but his political influence was small. He became swept up in the events of the Russian Revolution, and met a brutal death at the hands of assassins in 1916.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Measom) - **Rasputin
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Mendez) - ** Rimsky - Korsikov- A Russian composer who was part of the "five" who believed in nationalist style of music and helped create patriotic music.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Born in Constantinople, Ottoman Empiredied July 29, 1808, Constantinople) Ottoman sultan. He inherited the throne during a losing war with Austria and Russia, with whom he later signed treaties.Napoleon I's invasion of Egypt in 1798 drove him into an alliance with Britain and Russia, but, impressed with Napoleon's successes, he switched sides in 1806. At home he attempted tax and land reform and established a European-style military corps, but, unable to enforce his reforms in the face of mutinies among the Janissaries and other units, he rescinded them. He was promptly overthrown and was strangled on the orders of his successor, Mustafa IV. Between Spain and the United states  1898  Cause: Americans intervening in Cuba’s fight for independence  10 week war fought in the Caribbeans and the pacific Result: 1898 Treaty of Paris, US gets temporary control of Cuba and colonial control over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine Islands
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Monteith) - **Robert Clive
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Moreno) - **Rudyard Kipling
 * A poet, novelist, and writer living from December 30, 1865 to January 18, 1936.
 * He's well known for his fictional books such as The Jungle Book (If I'm correct, THIS IS A GR8 MOVIE), The Man Who Would Be King, Mandalay, Gunga Din, and many more.
 * He was the first person to win a Nobel Prize in Literature, as well as the youngest.
 * Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age and the resulting contrasting views about him continued for much of the 20th century. George Orwell referred to him as "prophet of British imperialism."
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nachtergaele) - **Russo - Japanese War: A very intense war that was obviously held between the Russians and Japanese. As Russians were building their Trans-Siberian Railroad, Japan wanted to take over part of East Asia. This did not fly with the Russians and so a big war erupted over the Manchuria area. Russia was at the same time battling the French and the British which made everything so much harder. The British then decided to join forces with the Japanese which ultimately led to the Russian's demise. Japan won the area known as Manchuria and Russia lost lots of its prestige. This loss is said to be a cause of WWI and the Japanese dominant mood is said to be a factor in WWII.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nguyen, N.) - **Selim III-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nguyen, T) - **Spanish - American War
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Nugen) - ** Fyodor Dosteovsky-

Russian novelist and short story writer. Born October 30, 1821, in Moscow, Russia; died after suffering a hemorrhage in his throat, January 29, 1881, in St. Petersburg, Russia; buried in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Leningrad; son of Mikhail Andreevich (a physician) and Maria Fedorovna (Nechaeva) Dostoevsky; married Maria Dmitrievna Konstant Isaeva (died April 15, 1864); married Anna Grigorievna Snitkina (a stenographer), February 15, 1867; children: (second marriage) Sofia, Lyubov, Fyodor, Aleksei.

EDUCATION: Military Engineering School, St. Petersburg, 1837- 43.

CAREER: Novelist, journalist, and short-story writer. Member of the Petrashevsky Circle (a radical group of socialist thinkers), 1847-1849; political prisoner at a prison labor camp in Tobolsk, Russia, 1850-54; // Vremya // (journal), Russia, co-owner and editor, 1861-63; // Epokha // (journal), Russia, co-owner and editor, 1864-65; // Grazhdanin // (journal; title means "The Citizen"), Russia, editor and columnist, 1871-74; // Dnevnik pisatelya // (monthly journal), Russia, owner, author, and publisher, 1876-77, 1881. Public Speaker.

MILITARY SERVICE: Russian Army, 1843-44, served in engineering; rank of lieutenant; and 1854-59, served in Semipalatinsk; became lieutenant.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Olmos) - **Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a russian composer. Who wrote symphonies,concertos,operas, and ballets. Tchaikovsky was the 1st Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. Despite his successes his life was filled with personal crises and depression.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Phillips) - **The Capitulations
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Ponce) - **The Mahdist Revolt
 * a revolt in the Sudan from 1881 to 1898 against Turco-Egyptian authorities and British colonialists
 * it was an Islamic revolt against the Egyptian government in the Sudan
 * it was lead by the Mahdi (a.k.a. Muhammad Ahmad) who was a self-proclaimed prophet whose base of support was Arab traders
 * wile the Egyptians ruled over the Sudan they imposed high rates of taxation, the taking of slaves from the local population at will, and the absolute control over all Sudanese trade which destroyed livelihoods and indigenous practices
 * they were mostly mad about the abolition and taxation of slavery
 * Sudan ended up becoming a British colony
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Raison) - **the Okhrana were the Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order. This was a secret police force of the Russian empire and part of the police department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in the late 19th century, which was aided by the Special Corps of Gendarmes. This organization was formed to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rajpurohit) - **The Suez Canal -

The Suez Canal, mostly man made, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Gulf of Suez. The canal opened in 1869, and remains one of the planet's busiest shipping lanes. Through it the vast percentage of Europe's energy needs are transported from the Middle East oil fields. This vital corridor of commerce has been closed by war twice. The most recent closing occurred during the Six-Day War (in 1967), a brief war between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rebotee) - **Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1870-1924
 * russian Communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist
 * First leader of the Soviet Union
 * Founded the Russian Communist Party
 * Led the Bolshevik Revolution
 * Exposed to radical ideas in university
 * Disregard for the sufferings of his fellow countrymen and mercilessly crushed any opposition
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Redburn) - **Young Turks

The Young Turks was a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early 20th century, favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire. Officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, and the Committee of Union and Progress, based on the ideas of the Young Turks, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1908 until the end of World War I in November 1918.

was a form of local government that was instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia. The idea of the zemstvo was elaborated by Nikolay Milyutin, and the first zemstvo laws were put into effect in 1864. After the October Revolution of 1917, the zemstvo system was shut down and replaced by a system of workers' councils.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rivers) - **//zemstvoe-//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Romero) - Zulu Wars**
 * Also known as the Anglo-Zulu War
 * fought in 1879 in South Africa
 * British empire VS Zulu kingdom
 * Sir Bartle Frere was sent to Cape town to group the Boer republics and independent black states into a Confederation of South Africa, but he thought it couldn't be unified under British rule until the Zulu kingdon was suppressed
 * Sir Frere proposed an unacceptable ultimatum to the Zulu king, which led to war
 * British invaded Zululand at Rorke's Drift on 01/11/1879
 * stunning opening victory by the Zulu at Isandlwana
 * ended in July of 1879 with a british victory
 * end of the Zulu nation's independence


 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * (Anthony) - ** What is Social Darwinism? What role does it play in the European colonial movement?
 * Social Darwinism is the theory that people, groups, and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. Social Darwinists believed that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest,” a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert Spencer. This belief influenced and pushed the major powers in Europe to exert their power and culture among other weaker and inferior countries around the world. It was a competition of strength, possessions, and wealth that fueled imperialism. **


 * (Arellano) - ** What is “jingoism”? Jingoism is patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy. Jingoism also refers to a country's advocation of the use of threats or actual force against peaceful relations, either economic or political, with other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism.


 * (Baker) - ** What is the “White Man’s Burden”? Here’s something new – does it apply to the European view of the Ottoman Empire? Does it apply to India? What about China? - "The White Man's Burden", as I discovered is actually a poem on the subject of America's colonization of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. The poem was written by Rudyard Kipling, and was published in 1899. The phrase initially is used to justify white imperialism within the western world (America and Western Europe) by stating that it is the "white man's burden" to help developing countries, and subsequently portraying it as a noble task. While that was the intended view of the original poem, many different interpretations have spawned regardless. One view proposes that white people have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural development of people from other cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world economically and socially. The term has been interpreted by some as racist, or possibly taken as a metaphor for a condescending view of "undeveloped" national culture and economic traditions, identified as a sense of European ascendancy which has been called "cultural imperialism". An alternative interpretation is the philanthropic view, common in Kipling's formative years, that the rich (whites) have a moral duty and obligation to help "the poor" (developing nations, people of color, etc.) "better" themselves whether the poor want the help or not.


 * (Barner) - ** How do technological and tactical advancements from the American Civil War impact Western imperialism? //__ HEY! THIS ONE IS IMPORTANT! YOU’D BETTER GET OFF YOUR POSTERIOR AND FIGURE THIS ONE __//__ OUT! __ Don't worry Mr. Wooley, ya boi is about to flood the page with this info. Okay, I'll start with some of the inventions created during the Civil War. One of the most important changes that occurred during the Civil War was happening with firearms and the way armies went to battle. Traditionally, it was the old stand-and-shoot in a line 'till you were dead because your musket took forever to reload, not to mention that it sometimes took other people to reload it. All this changed when the rifle/repeating rifle was invented (along with deadlier bullets that were pointed and not spherical, and the technique of rifling, which spun the bullet in the barrel, causing it to fly faster, farther, and more accurate). This allowed for quicker battles and obviously more stopping power from each army that had the technology. This, along with the invention of balloons for transporting soldiers in the air, played into imperialism in the fact that it gave European armies an unbelievable advantage over the nations that they were conquering, most of which were under-developed and didn't have access to newer technology. Secondly, communication improved drastically with the invention of the telegraph and the railroad. When related to Western imperialism, these aided by allowing the armies to keep a speed-of-light connection with the mother country, instead of being forced to "wing-it" because mails takes too long. Railroads majorly improved the length that armies could successfully keep fighting by allowing food (new and improved canned food) and armaments to be shipped very quickly to wherever the army was settled, allowing for their armies to last substantially longer than their enemies. Finally, the invention and improvement of submarines and iron gunships significantly up'ed the power of the navy for any country with that knowledge, more so for Britain, considering they still had the greatest navy in the world. These new iron ships and submarines brought a new light and a fighting chance to everyone that wasn't England when it came to naval warfare, making it just as important as continental fighting. This played into imperialism in the fact that if the aggressor country could overpower the country they were invading on land, and cut off all of their access to the open ocean, it was pretty much game over for the country that was getting conquered.
 * (Bassett) - ** The Spanish American War lasted less than half a year and yet was very significant in terms of American Imperialism. Why?- Beause the Spanish American war was over territory in the west and America was trying to get to the western frontier. Since Spain was in the way America beat them up. After the win they won most of the western land that they used tp not have. Like California, New mexico, Nevada and other countries.
 * (Bates) - ** What territory was acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Spanish - American War? - When the Spanish-American war ended in 1898 with the Treaty of Paris Spain gave up; Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. These were all of Spain's territories outside of Africa.


 * (Benavides) - ** Who is Queen Victoria, and how does she shape the time period?

Queen Victoria was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India

Ascending to the throne at only eighteen years old, Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom for nearly 64 years, the longest of any British monarch. During her reign, Great Britain became a powerful industrial nation and boasted an empire that stretched across the globe. Despite the early loss of her beloved husband, Queen Victoria provided a reassuring stability during much of the nineteenth century - an era of great social and technological change. The years of her reign are referred to as the Victorian Era.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Mahdist Rebellion was an Islamic revolt against the Egyptian government in the Sudan. An apocalyptic branch of Islam, Mahdism incorporated the idea of a golden age in which the Mahdi, translated as “the guided one,” would restore the glory of Islam to the earth.Attempting to overhaul Egypt through an aggressive westernization campaign, Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali, who was himself a provincial governor of the Ottoman Empire, invaded the Sudan in 1820. Within a year his armies had subdued the Sudan and he began conscripting local Sudanese men into the Egyptian military. In 1822 Khartoum became the capital of Egyptian-occupied Sudan and a distant outpost in the Ottoman Empire.Egyptian rule over the Sudan involved the imposition of high rates of taxation, the taking of slaves from the local population at will, and the absolute control over all Sudanese trade which destroyed livelihoods and indigenous practices. During the process of military conscription, tens of thousands of Sudanese men and boys died on their long march from the Sudanese hinterlands to Aswan, Egypt.Ali’s tenure as Egyptian governor ended in 1848, but the suffering of the Sudanese people under Ottoman rule did not. When the anti-slavery campaign of the new Egyptian governor, Ismail, began in 1863, Sudanese unrest intensified since human bondage was now an integral part of the local economy. Matters were complicated by the arrival of the British in 1873 who assumed responsibility over Egypt in order to protect their interests in the Suez Canal and ensure repayment of loans to that government. General Charles Gordon was appointed governor of Sudan and he immediately intensified the anti-slavery campaign initiated a decade earlier. Sudanese Arab leaders, however, saw British efforts as a European Christian attempt to undermine Muslim Arab dominance in the region.
 * (Boboy) - ** Why was the Mahdist Rebellion so important regarding European colonization of NE Africa? How does it impact the Ottoman Empire?-

It allowed transportation between Europe and Asia without having to go all the way around Africa.
 * (Boyer) - ** Why did France and Britain build the Suez Canal?
 * (Bratcher) - ** Why was the Suez Canal of such importance to the British Empire? it gave a direct passage to asia without them having to sail around africa and this made trade much easier for the brits.
 * (Brinlee) - ** How does the Ottoman Empire interact with Europe (particularly Western Europe during the 19th century? By the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had become known as "the sick man of Europe" and mainly tried to avoid contact with Europe due to lack of westernization and industrialization.
 * (Brown) - ** What factors inhibit Ottoman development during this time period? well the other European countries basically have the off switch on the Ottomans at any time they want. The Ottomans have been weak ever since the Greeks liberated themselves and they have no way of industrializing. they stay afloat because of Europe and Ataturks reclaiming of small lands.
 * (Cardoza) - ** What are the implications of the decline of the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century?


 * Result of tensions between the many different ethnic groups within the Empire and all the different governments' not being able to control the tension
 * The nationalistic and secessionist trends that were in progress could not be stopped by the increase of cultural rights, civil liberties, and a parliamentary system
 * Ottomanist scholars' say that the empire ended prematurely after the Great War because based on their research the saw a vibrant and growing empire

Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or ahdnames, were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions. The Turkish Capitulations were grants made by successive Sultans to Christian nations conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, following the policy towards European states of the Byzantine Empire According to these capitulations traders entering the Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their domicile. The Tanzimat Reforms were a series of many changes in the Ottoman Empire from 1839-1876. These reforms changed many different things ultimately in order to attempt to keep the Ottoman Empire from fracturing into smaller states and collapsing due to a multitude of reasons. Although the Ottoman Empire eventually collapsed, these reforms changed many things for the good, such as establishing a postal system, promoting tolerance of different religions and beliefs, establishing telegraphs and railroads, and strengthening and centralizing the Ottoman government. The Tanzimat reforms were opposed by Arab //ulemas,// who pretty much thought that the reforms were too western or European. The Young Ottomans, a secret society, also opposed the reforms and sought to revitalize Islam, but also to modernize the Empire.
 * (Carroll) - ** How does the Chinese experience with the West compare to that of the Ottoman Turks during the 19th century?
 * (Consolver) - ** Why does China (which has been a cultural, economic and political force for the last 4000 years) stagnate during the 19th century? What factors inhibit China’s development?
 * (Coville) - ** Why does the Ottoman Empire sign the Capitulations?
 * (Craver) - ** What are the Tanzimat Reforms? Who are the groups opposed to these reforms?

The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (Turkish: İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti) in Istanbul in 1889 by the medical students Ibrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti and Ali Hüseyinzade. It was transformed into a political organization by Bahaeddin Sakir aligning itself with the Young Turks in 1906, during the period of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The Committee of Union and Progress carried out the mass killings of over 1.5 million Armenians during the Armenian Genocide.
 * (Dam) - ** Who are the Janissaries? How do they impact the political landscape in Constantinople? - The janissaries were a new form of military order first created by the ottoman Sultan Muran I. They were enslaved sons given special training and privileges to be an elite force loyal only to the sultan. They removed Sultans and replaced them with new sultans.
 * (Davis) - ** What is the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, and what is their agenda?

At the end of World War I most of its members were court-martialled by the sultan Mehmed VI and imprisoned. A few of the members of the organization were executed in Turkey after trial for the attempted assassination of Atatürk in 1926. Members who survived continued their political careers in Turkey as members of the Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) and in other political parties as well.


 * (Diver) - ** Who was the leader of the Young Turks?

Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk, was the leader of the Young Turks. He is generally considered to be the founder of the Republic of Turkey and was a nationalist who dreamed of a secular, somewhat Westernized Turkey. He led reforms such as free, compulsory primary education, equal civil and political rights for women, and a reduced tax burden for peasants. He was opposed by fundamentalist Muslims who believed he was far too liberal and wanted a return to religious authority and traditional ways.

The Ottomans were called the Sick Man of Europe because they were increasingly falling under the financial control of European powers and lost territory in a series of wars. Unlike all the other nations who were thriving, the Ottomans were in decline and were losing territory. Internal conflicts and war losses led to this decline in the empire. Horrible governance of conquered territories led to the resistance inside the empire, weakening it.They were also very dependent on other countries, as shown by The Crimean War where they were aided by the British and French. In addition, they were impoverished and seen as backwards. > 1858 Battle of Grahovac > 1860 Lebanon conflict > 1861-1862 Montenegrin-Ottoman War > 1866–1869 Cretan Revolt > 1876 Razlovtsi insurrection > 1876-1878 Montenegrin-Ottoman War (1876-1878) > 1877–1878 Russo–Turkish War > 1878 Epirus Revolt of 1878 > 1878 Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina > 1894 Sasun Resistance > 1895-1896 Zeitun Rebellion > 1897 Greco–Turkish War > 1903 Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising > 1904 Sasun Uprising > 1904–1908 Macedonian Struggle > 1909-1910 Hauran Druze Rebellion > 1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910 > 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War > 1912–1913 First Balkan War > 1913 Second Balkan War > 1914-1918 World War I, as part of the Central Power
 * (Do) - ** Why is the Ottoman Empire referred to as “the Sick Man of Europe”? What so weakened the empire to reduce it to this state?
 * (Edward) - **
 * 1854 Epirus Revolt of 1854

Rise of nationalism - The rise of Nationalism under the declining Ottoman Empire caused the breakdown of millet concept. The Balkan Wars, beginning with the Greek War of Independence of 1821, resulted in the eventual loss of the Balkans for the Ottomans. The bloody suppression of the April Uprising in Bulgaria, became occasion of the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).
 * (Elizondo) - ** What is the impact of a reduced Ottoman presence in the Balkans?

Congress of Berlin - As a result of the Congress of Berlin, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, but was not allowed to keep all its previous territory. Bulgaria, without being admitted to the Congress, lost more than 70% of its territory, and over 50% of its ethnic population remained outside its borders—which caused a number of uprisings and brought the country into subsequent Balkan wars.

The results were at first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilization. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded in world war in 1914. Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece made gains, but far less than they thought they deserved. The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the "sick man of Europe," was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to attack. Austria gained a great deal of territory, which angered the South Slavs, and led to decades of tensions. Bismarck became the target of hatred of Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans.

In the long-run, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary intensified, as did the nationality question in the Balkans. The congress was aimed at the revision of the Treaty of San Stefano and at keeping Constantinople in Ottoman hands. It effectively disavowed Russia's victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. The Congress of Berlin returned to the Ottoman Empire territories that the previous treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia, thus setting up a strong revanchist demand in Bulgaria that in 1912 was one of many causes of the First Balkan War.

20th century - The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe. Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War."

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">In 1839, the Chinese got tired of the narcotics and the Emperor assigned Lin Zexu to stop the trade. Zexu immediately banned the sale of opium, prevented British traders from leaving Canton, and demanded the surrender of all opium. Charles Elliot, who was a British guy in charge of trade in China, convinced the traders to hand over the opium by promising that the British government would pay them back. The British were unhappy with this and eventually it escalated into a war—the Opium Wars. The Chinese lost, beginning the dynastic cycle thing where the Qing dynasty begins to fall. The british get everything it wanted from china but china got nothing from it. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif;">The Crimean War (1854-1856) is the second bloodiest war in the 19th century, only being surpassed by the U.S Civil War (The Napoleonic Wars doesn't count as a single war).
 * (Elphick) - ** What is the relationship of the Ottoman Empire to the Armenians?
 * (Eubank) - ** What was the purpose of the Macartney Embassy to the court of Qianlong? The main goal of the Macartney mission was to convince Chinese Emperor Qianlong to reduce trade laws and restriction between Great Britain and China by allowing Great Britain an embassy in Beijing and reduced tariffs in canton.
 * (Evans) - ** Why did the British hope to gain from the Opium trade in China?- The british were trying to solve their trade their trade problem with China. Silver to purchase Chinese goods required additional transaction costs with other european countries. To fix this they starting using opium acquired from India to trade for Chinese goods. This was effective because opium is addictive.
 * (Feagan) - ** How did the Chinese respond to the growth of this narcotics trade?
 * (Fisher) - ** What was significant about the Treaty of Nanjing (1842)? Why did the Chinese refer to this (and several other treaties with European nations) as an “Unequal Treaty”?
 * (Franco) - ** What reforms were implemented by the Qing Dynasty during the 19th century?
 * (French) - ** What we

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif;">The war was fought because the Russians wanted to expand into the South Western Black Sea. Britain, France, and Turkey wanted to stop Russian expansion due to their fear of Russia's commercial and strategic designs on the declining Ottoman Empire. The war was also supposedly fought to protect the rights of pilgrims visiting the Holy Land.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif;">The British, French, and Ottomans were the victors in the war. Russia was no longer considered the strongest country in the world ( as they were thought to be after the defeat of Napoleon), Britain went under changes in their military, banning the system that allowed wealthy men to buy military positions, when they have no experience (which is one of the reasons British casualties were so high. An example of this is the charge of the light brigade, a futile attack that would clearly fail ordered by a old, inexperienced general who bought his position.) re the consequences of the Crimean War?

Fought on October 25, 1854 as part of the Crimean War, it was part of Anglo-French-Turkish campaign to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia's principal naval base on the Black Sea. The British army, under the command of Lord Raglan, was covering the southern port of Balaclava, but Raglan had insufficient troops. So the Russian General Liprandi, with some 25,000 men, prepared to attack the defences in and around Balaclava, hoping to disrupt the supply chain between the British base and their siege lines. The Ottoman front line was defeated by the Russians. The Ottoman and Scottish second line (aka the Thin Red Line), held. However, a final Allied cavalry charge, stemming from a misinterpreted order from Raglan, led to one of the most famous and ill-fated events in British military history – The Charge of the Light Brigade. The utter failure of this move prevented the Allies from doing anything except retreat. The battle was a Russian victory. The Russians lost the Crimean War because they were so far behind the other nations. Alexander II suffered the shame of what a humiliating loss it was for them. He and many others saw that things needed to change in Russia, and they were blaming many things on the serfdom such as overpopulation, food shortages, and military incompetence. Also, the western nations had done away with feudalism a long time before the 19th century, but the Russians still had serfdom and that was somewhat similar to feudalism. Alexander II also felt the American slavery was wrong, and that could have contributed to his freeing of the serfs, even though they weren't slaves, it was somewhat similar because the serf was bound to their lord because of the land, and Alexander was trying to get rid of that dependency. The two most famous nineteenth-century examples were the violinist Nicolò Paganini 1782–1840 and the pianist Franz Liszt 1811–1886. Both dazzled audiences throughout Europe with their performances, elevating the status of the musician from servant to demi-god.
 * (Harper) - ** What was the Battle of Balaclava?
 * (Hunt) - ** What was the significance of the Charge of the Light Brigade?
 * (Jenkins) - ** Why did Alexander II emancipate the serfs in 1861?
 * (Jones) - ** Who were the primary Russian composers of the nineteenth century?


 * (Keithley) - ** Who were the primary Russian authors and poets of the time period?

- Sartist Antiokh Dmitrievich Kantemir ( 1708–1744): praised Peter the Great's attempt to correct Russia's backward nature via flirting with enlightenment ideas. -Vasily Trediakovsky (not given): poet and playwright who was one of the pioneers of writing secular literature in the Russian vernacular -Maxim Gorky: laid foundation for Socialist Realism


 * (Killough) - Who is Count Sergie Witte? How did he impact Russian History? **

He lived from June 29th 1849 to March 13th 1915. He was a policy maker over industrialization in Russia. He was The Director of Railway Affairs from 1889-1891. He was able to get the right to have employees hired based on their <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> rather than family connections. In 1891, he published the “National Savings and Friedrich List” which spurred a huge increase in industrialization in Russia. He negotiated brilliantly for an end to the Russo-Japanese War on behalf of Russia. He was put into the governmental decision making to deal with the civil unrest after the war and Bloody Sunday riots in 1905. He advocated the creation of an elected parliament, formation of a constitutional monarchy and the establishment of a Bill of Rights. Many of his reforms were put into place but still did not do much to calm things down.

BEACUSE YOU CANT STOP THE TRAIN!!!!!
 * (King) - ** Who was Pytor Stolypin? At the risk of being redundant…how did he impact Russian History?
 * (Knox) - ** What is the importance of the Trans - Siberian Railway?
 * (Kossia) - ** What’s a // kulak // ?

Kaluk is the small village located in the Himalayan foothills of West Sikkim, near the West Sikkim capital of Gyalshing. It is a tourist destination due to the natural beauty of the village and its surroundings, such as the town of Rinchenpong.

1850-1910: Russian realism became very popular with <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Lato,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> the novels of Tolstoy (The Kingdom of God is Within You) and Dostoevsky (Crime and Punishment), Chekhov’s (The seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, The Cherry Orchard) and Stanislavsky’s (The Petty Bourgeois) drama, and with the music of Mussorgsky (The Capture of Kars, Marriage), Tchaikovsky (The Nut Cracker,Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty), and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.2, The Isle of the Dead).
 * (Laughlin) - ** During the 19th century, Russia experiences a cultural golden age. Who were the significant authors, poet, painter, and composers from this time period. What were their significant works?


 * (Lee, J.) - ** Reform is the name of the game during the 19th century. What reforms were needed in Russia, and what reforms were attempted during this century?

Nineteenth century Russia was a period of great change. Russia began to modernize in order to catch up with its western neighbors. First, an important reform was the emancipation of serfs in 1861. This action came after a series of serf revolts across Russia until Alexander II finally granted the serfs freedom. Also, a significant accomplishment was the drastic increase in industry. This was especially influenced by the development of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Despite these accomplishments, along with Russian participation in two major wars in the nineteenth century, the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean Wars, Russia failed to fully catch up with its European neighbors and continues to fall behind today.

<span style="color: #424242; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16.5pt; text-align: center;">(1855-1881)
 * (Lee, K.) - ** What impact did reform have on Russia during the late 19th century?
 * <span style="color: #7b7b7b; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">1. Local government reform: Since vast numbers of new citizens, i.e. former serfs, now populated the countryside, a system of elected local governments, or zemstvos, arose to replace the old institutions of landlord rule. These assemblies, with separate seats for peasants, townspeople, and private landowners, were responsible for maintaining the local infrastructure and industrial development. Through taxation of all classes, the zemstvo built bridges, roads, hospitals, and prisons and provided essential services such as healthcare and poverty relief. **


 * <span style="color: #7b7b7b; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> 2. Education reform: At the call of the Elementary School Statute of 1864, a litany of elementary schools sprang up across the country, though funding was remanded to the local government, to overcome the massive illiteracy that plagued the former serfs. The 1863 University Statute reorganized colleges and universities into effective self-governing corporations, with considerable freedom for both faculty and students. **


 * <span style="color: #7b7b7b; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> 3. Judicial reform: The Judiciary Statute of 1864 overhauled the Russian court system based on these liberal principles--equality of all before the law, an independent judiciary, jury trial by propertied peers, public legal proceedings, and the establishment of an educated legal profession. **


 * <span style="color: #7b7b7b; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> 4. Military reform: The Universal Military Training Act of 1874 established all-class conscription and called for technological improvement, elite reorganization, and new military schools. **

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Tsar Alexander II of Russia emancipated the serfs in 1861. Teased by these halfhearted reforms from above, dissatisfied peasants, intellectuals, professionals, and even some liberal gentry sought greater freedom through recourse to violent revolutionary movements to overthrow the Tsarist government. Widely labeled as populist movements whose aims focused on giving all Russian land back to the peasants, these groups used clandestine terrorism in the late 1870s to kill Alexander II, finally succeeding on March 1, 1881. An era of modest reform in Russia was over.
 * <span style="color: #7b7b7b; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> 5. Expression reform: Alexander's Temporary Regulations of 1865 abandoned pre- censorship, or censorship of journals or groups before publication, in favor of punitive measures after the fact. **

The leftist groups in Russia created a left front which encompassed a range of far-left politicians. The far-left politics are also considered left-wing politics. These people try to seek equality and seek a society in which everyone has equal economic and social opportunities. They think the government should be overthrown by revolutions. The main goal of these leftists is to declare the building of socialism in Russia.
 * (Linton) - ** What were the social and cultural impacts of industrialization on Russia? It put rural peasants into the city and they were no longer agrarian. In addidtion literacy was improved but food supplies fell. The family unit changed to contain fewer children because they didnt need them to work on the farms some of the greatest impact was seen in ukraine the traditional "bread basket" of europe.
 * (Looney) - ** The Russian government faced growing opposition from a number of leftist groups after 1861? Who were these groups and what was their agenda?
 * (Macneill) - ** Who was Rasputin? (why did he suggest reading?) Rasputin was the Duma in Russia. He had a significant influence over the royal family, primarily the Tsarina, after he healed her's and Nicholas's son who was suffering from hemophilia. Although a monk, Rasputin was known for being promiscuous. In December of 1916 he was assassinated (poisoned, shot, and thrown in a river, where he eventually froze to death) by several members of the Russian aristocracy who didn't like his presence in the government.

Pogrom- an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.
 * (Martinez) - ** How did he influence the Russian government and monarchy?
 * Rasputin influenced the government heavily since the Tsar was off fighting a war. Of course his close contact with the Tsarina helped him make himself a monarchy ruler by using her to do what ever he wanted to do. The main impact he had on the Russian government was that he established a lot of influence by rejecting the war and got many people on his side. He ruled as a monarch while WWI was happening in place of the Tsar and was very ruthless in what he did. But during his time in government he was able to make the public hate the Tsar which eventually overthrew the monarchy and establishing the USSR and the start of communism.
 * (Matafadi) - ** The Russian government in the 19th century allowed several pogroms. What’s a pogrom, and who were the targets of these pogroms?


 * (McCutchan) - ** How did Russia approach the problem of industrialization during the 19th century? How did that differ from the west?

Stalin realized that the Soviet Union was incredibly backwards compared to their main rivals, Britain, France, Japan and Turkey. He believed Russia was 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries of the West and that they must make up the gap within 10 years to prevent being crushed by other forces. In order to make up this deficit he began the program of Five Year Plans, these focused on similar industries to Alexander, with an emphasis on military spending. This changed the country from having private enterprise, to a small degree, as the main economic driving force, to having the state and its planning arm, Gosplan, as the main driving force.