Review+-+Industrialization+in+the+Long+19th+Century

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 * Review Sheet – The Long19th Century and the Industrial Revolution **
 * Identification **
 * (Anthony) - ** factory system
 * The Industrial Revolution caused a new factory system to replace the previous domestic system where worker created goods in their homes or workshops. Interchangeable parts, waterpower, and the steam engine established mass production with a large assembly of unskilled workers. The factory system forced workers to be concentrated in cities and towns because factories were located near water and transportation. Men, women, and children received low wages and worked long hours in unsanitary and <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] conditions. Factories were usually poorly lit, cluttered, and unsafe. Labor unions were organized and went on strike frequently in the second half of the 19th century to attempt to improve working conditions and wages. Industrialization caused overcrowding in cities, pollution, poor sanitary conditions, and rapid spread of disease such as dysentery, small pox, and tuberculosis. The death rate among the proletariat class increased and the average life span decreased as well because of the poor working conditions and unsanitary living environments that the factory system created. **


 * (Arellano) - **Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron prior to the open hearth furnace. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] the process in 1855. The process was independently discovered in 1851 by William Kelly. The process had also been used outside of Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten


 * (Baker) - ** steam engine
 * (Barner) - ** internal combustion engine: ** The principle behind any internal combustion engine is that you take in a small amount of any high-energy fuel, like gasoline, into a small area and compress it and then light it so that it will release an insane amount of energy in the form of rapidly expanding gas. You can then use this energy to move things, push pistons, or anything that would be need to have a mechanical process done quickly and repetitively, like cars. The first of these internal combustion engines that was commercially available (and worked) was Étienne Lenoir. Most automobiles nowadays use a four stroke combustion cycle, invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1867. **


 * (Bassett) - ** realism
 * (Bates) - ** romanticism -  Definition: a literary, artistic, and philosophical movement originating in the 18th century, characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions, and marked especially in English literature by sensibility and the use of autobiographical material, an exaltation of the primitive and the common man, an appreciation of external nature, an interest in the remote, a predilection for melancholy, and the use in poetry of older verse forms. Romanticism started at about 1770 and ended somewhere around 1850, it was started in reaction to the French Revolution and The Napoleonic wars. It's main purpose was to defy the ideas of the Enlightenment, and the Industrial revolution, plus the aristocrats. It is associated with liberalism and radicalism, but also had a major positive effect on nationalism. It gave emphasis to emotions such as awe and apprehension. It's influence was seen throughout Europe even Russia though it was mainly seen in Germany, and France.

Malthus wrote: "That the increase of <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence,That population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and, That the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice." Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticized the Poor Laws,and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat. Pioneers of evolutionary <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> read him, notably Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. Smith is best known for two classic works: The <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of Moral Sentiments, and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Smith is cited as the "father of modern economics" and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today. Taught at multiple universities and was good friends with David Hume.
 * (Benavides) - ** class consciousness
 * used in social sciences and political <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] (particularly Marxism)
 * refers to the beliefs that a person holds regarding one's social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class and their class interests.
 * Karl Marx argued that the working class (the Proletariat) would <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] aware of their shared experience with other works of exploitation by the capitalists (bourgeoisies) and rise up and overthrow their oppressors
 * proletariat becomes aware of class position in relation to the bourgeoises and its historic role in the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of socialism
 * refers to the subjective dimension of class
 * proletarit would <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] from a class "in itself" which refers to a common collective awareness of class position into a class "for itself"
 * (Boboy) - **Thomas Malthus -Thomas Robert Malthus ( February 13,1766 – December 23, 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography.Malthus became widely known for his theories about change in population. His An <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] the Principle of Population observed that sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease, leading to what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe. He wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible. He thought that the dangers of population growth precluded progress towards a utopian society: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".As a cleric, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behavior.
 * (Boyer) - ** Adam Smith


 * (Bratcher) - ** Karl Marx
 * (Brinlee) - ** Fredrich Engels
 * (Brown) - ** Luddites
 * (Cardoza) - ** James Watt


 * Born January 1736
 * Died August 1819
 * Scottish inventor
 * Steam Engine
 * worked at the University of Glasgow
 * came up with the steam engine so people cloud avoid wasting time on cooling and re-heating the cylinder
 * With time he adapted the engine to produce rotary <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]]
 * Was unsuccesful at commercializing his invention until he partnered up with Matthew Boulton in 1775.
 * They created Boulton and Watt
 * Developed the concept of horsepower an SI units of power and the watt

Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the South.Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost many profits in legal battles over patent infringement for the cotton gin. Thereafter, he turned his attention into securing contracts with the <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> in the manufacture of muskets for the newly formed United States Army. He continued making arms and inventing until his death in 1825. Samuel Morse was a painter and inventor most commonly known for the invention of the single wire telegraph and Morse code in the 1830s. Originally seeking a way of rapid communication after he learned of his wife had died days after she was already buried, Morse developed the telegraph after witnessing multiple experiments by Charles Thomas Jackson involving electromagnetism. Originally Morse faced problems of sending telegraphs over more than a few hundred yards of wire, but soon gained the help of Leonard Gale, a Professor at <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">. With Leonard's help they developed circuits and relays to be placed on telegraph lines at set intervals, thus boosting the range of the telegraphs over miles and miles of wire, later gaining support by the US government in the early 1840s. Morse later traveled around Europe and the Ottoman Empire to patent his invention, and received many awards by various countries. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who changed the way humans viewed themselves and the world around them through his amazing ideas on evolution and natural selection. Facts :
 * (Carroll) - ** John Kay
 * (Consolver) - ** Jethro Tull
 * (Coville) - ** Eli Whitney
 * (Craver) - ** Samuel Morse
 * (Dam) - ** Charles Dickens
 * (Davis) - ** Charles Darwin
 * Charles Darwin was born in England on the 12th of February 1809, he died on the 19th of April 1882.
 * He is most famous for his work on natural selection, the idea that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors. This process involves favorable traits becoming more common in successive generations of living things while at the same time unfavorable traits become less common.
 * Not only did Darwin develop the idea of natural selection, he also presented compelling evidence from his detailed research which included a five year voyage on the HMS Beagle. On this voyage, Darwin visited ecologically diverse regions such as Brazil, Chile, Australia, the Falkland Islands and the Galapagos Islands.
 * His 1859 book ‘On the Origin of Species’, detailed much of his research on natural selection, it contained a large amount of evidence to back up his ideas and became a landmark work in the field of evolutionary biology.
 * Darwin’s ideas created a lot of discussion regarding the impact on various scientific, religious and philosophical viewpoints. Although most of those in educated society accepted the theory of evolution, many still challenge its existence despite the wealth of evidence supporting it.
 * Although in later life Darwin suffered from a range of illnesses, he continued with his research and undertook new experiments to help support his ideas while at the same time forming new ones in other fields.
 * Other famous work by Charles Darwin includes: ‘The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals’, ‘The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex’, ‘The Power of Movement in Plants’ and ‘The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms’.

Jeremy Bentham was a radical English philosopher who lived from 1748 to 1842 that advocated many reforms such as individual economic freedom, the right to divorce, separation of church and state, equal rights for women and homosexuals (and the decriminalization of homosexuality), freedom of expression, abolition of slavery, the death penalty, and physical punishment. He was also an early supporter of animal rights. Despite being such a radically ardent supporter of individual legal rights, he did not believe in the idea of natural law or natural rights. He influenced several other major philosophers, including James Mill and his son John Stuart Mill, as well as Robert Owen, one of the founders of utopian socialism. Bentham is also one of the two most important contributors to classic utilitarianism (the other being John Stuart Mill), a philosophy that holds that whatever causes the most happiness and reduces the most suffering is the proper course of action. Capitalism is the economic system in which trade, means of manufacturing, and industry are looked over by private owners who want to make profit in the market economy. There are characteristics within capitalism such as capital accumulation, wage labor, and competitive markets. The parties of the sellers determine the cost and service prices the goods are sold at personally. This economic system was brought to attention by Adam Smith in 1776 when the book Wealth of Nations was published. There Smith defended the economic system against mercantilism. This system is usually paired with the style known as laissez-faire, or a hands off approach by the government itself. Government intervention was minimal and there was always as degree of competition. After feudalism ended, capitalism became the dominant economic system in the Western World. It is known to benefit the ordinary people and is seen as the most profitable by some.
 * (Diver) - ** Jeremy Bentham
 * (Do) - ** Capitalism

=== Laissez-faire is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights. The phrase stems from a meeting in about 1681 between the powerful French finance minister Colbert and a group of French businessmen led by a certain M. Le Gendre. When the mercantilist minister asked how the French state could be of service to the merchants and help promote their commerce, Le Gendre replied simply "Laissez-nous faire" ===
 * (Edward) - **// laissez faire- //


 * (Elizondo) - ** Communism
 * ** Communism ** is a socioeconomic system based on common ownership of production and characterized by the absence of classes, money, markets and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order. It is opposite to capitalism.
 * Marxist communism: consumer goods become freely accessible due to superabundance, allowing for distribution according to need. There will be no use for <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.979999542236328px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.979999542236328"]] and class distinctions based on capital will cease to exist. Marx believed that socialism was a transition stage into full communism, in which division of labor is no longer present.
 * Lenin: the <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.979999542236328px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.979999542236328"]] principle is a strategy to achieve revolution and secure political power in the interests of the working class.
 * Marxism-Leninism is a combination of Marxist theory with Leninist organizational principles, forming the basis for modern communist states.


 * (Elphick) - ** Socialism

*Socialists are motivated to improve quality of life for all the people in their society. They believe in a political system characterized by strong government direction in political and economic <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">. Another main idea is redistribution of resources to redress inequalities inherent in free-market economy.*Social democracy is the creation of legal reforms and economic redistribution programs to eliminate economic class disparities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat by the government.

*The problem with socialism is that you eventually run out of other peoples' money.

--Margaret Thatcher

*The goal of socialism is communism-- Vladimir Lenin

There seem to be a bunch of different kinds of Anarchism, but at its base, it seems to be a rejection of government and all rules-based societies. Anarchists believe that humans are inherently good and without restriction, in their natural state, would be good. In the Industrialization period, once workers began to reject the awful working conditions, formed labor unions, often anarchist. They believed that government was the cause of all of their problems and that by ridding themselves of the government, they could be free, happy, and treated well. The First International, or the International Workingmen's Association, was a significant anarchist organization. Karl Marx associated himself with it. is a word from the French language, used in the fields of political economy, political philosophy, sociology, and history, which originally denoted the wealthy stratum of the middle class that originated during the latter part of the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500). The utilization and specific application of the word is from the realm of the social sciences. In sociology and in <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: Arial,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">, the noun bourgeoisie and the adjective bourgeois are terms that describe a historical range of socio-economic classes. As such, in the Western world, since the late 18th century, the bourgeoisie describes a social class "characterized by their ownership of capital, and their related culture"; hence, the personal terms bourgeois (masculine) and bourgeoise (feminine) culturally identify the man or woman who is a member of the wealthiest social class of a given society, and their materialistic worldview. In Marxist philosophy, the term bourgeoisie denotes the social class who owns the means of production and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, in order to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society. Joseph Schumpeter instead saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks in order to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction.
 * (Eubank) - ** Utopianism - the views or habit of mind of a Utopian. Utopia is like a town or place that has great qualities, or is near perfect. A Utopian is someone who lives in a utopian society, and believes that there town is better than everyone else's. Technically Utopianism is believing that the town you live in is the best that can be lived in because of low crime rate, <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]], nice properties, etc. Utopia was first written about by Sir Thomas More in 1516. Utopianism can also mean a time when men and women were in their simplest state (cavemen and cavewomen) and everyone's life was happy and fulfilled, and humanity and nature were at peace.
 * (Evans) - ** Materialism
 * (Feagan) - ** Anarchism
 * (Fisher) - ** proletariat
 * (Franco) - ** bourgeoisie-

 corporate and banking institutions to protect investors and depositors. The evolution of banking has provided a safe banking system that insures the safety of our assets entrusted to the banks
 * (French) - ** <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5"]] banks

The theory of evolution describes the ways species change over time in order to better survive in their environment. The theory also states that all life on Earth evolved from a common ancestor, with species gaining diversity as time went on. There is much controversy surrounding the theory, however the scientific consensus is that evolution is, indeed, true. Charles Darwin was the first to create a scientific argument for the theory of evolution in his 1859 book, __The Origin of Species__. (Fun fact: he never once mentioned the word "evolution" in this book.) His book caused much controversy, since most people of the time period refused to believe that they could be so related to animals. The church was especially aghast, since the theory contradicted creationist ideas, as well as the idea that man is somehow above beast. Another effect of Darwin's book was the spread of social Darwinism. Social Darwinist ideas, which took __The Origin of Species__ //way// out of context, asserted that some races and civilizations (usually white) were inherently "better" than other (usually non-white) races and civilizations. These perverted "survival of the fittest" ideas were used to justify horrible things like slavery, genocide, and Manifest Destiny. Definitely not what poor Charles Darwin intended.
 * (Harper) - ** Evolution
 * (Hunt) - ** Creationism-- The belief that all things originated from a divine creator. The belief was commonly known as the antithesis to evolution and the members of the scientific community who supported it came to be known as "creationists". The belief was at first mixed religion and science together, using scientific findings to support what was found in religious texts. As time went on, the belief was seem as part of Christian fundamentalism, and not as a mix between science and religion. There are also many different forms of creationism, such as: Young Earth creationism, Old Earth creationism, Gap creationism, Day-age creationism, Progressive creationism, and Intelligent design.


 * (Jenkins) - ** Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism, the theory that people were subject to Darwin's theory of natural selection, was very popular during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Social Darwinists thought that those who were strong would have their wealth and power increase, and those who weren't would have their wealth and power decrease. Not all Social Darwinists have the same idea of what groups make up "the strong" and "the weak" though. Most people wouldn't identify themselves as Social Darwinists now though, because it has a negative connotation nowadays.

Conservatism is the practice of maintaining traditional social structure and values.
 * (Jones) - ** Nationalism
 * (Keithley) - ** Conservatism

*first appeared in lieu of the French revolution - -Chateubriand developed term in 1818 to revoke changes from French Revolution -more aggressive members known as reactionaries--> oppose modernism and call for restoration to old ways -Edmund Burke responsible for Conservatism development in England, c. 1790 - German conservatism made popular by von Bismark's unification of Germany
 * English conservatives more-or-less controlled by elimination of Whig party
 * called for restoration of aristocratic power
 * reforms helped centralize the disorganized German states and economies


 * (Killough) - ** Liberalism

Liberalism is a philosophy that is for limited government and liberty of individuals like freedom of religion, press, assembly, speech and free markets. Although the basic ideas were from the 18th century, liberalism really developed during the 19th century as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Liberalism was beneficial to the revolution because its ideas of limited government and free markets allowed business men to make more money as they didn’t have many rules holding them back.


 * (King) - ** Utilitarianism
 * (Knox) - ** James Watt

James Watt, was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. He started as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, but soon Watt became interested in the <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of steam engines. He added different thing into to other things and made the steam engine efficient enough to pump large amounts of water. This feature allowed him to hook up the engines to large machines and power them, making factories possible. He also developed the concept of horsepower and the SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him (This information is obvious and if you don’t know this should be ashamed).




 * (Kossia) - ** George Stephenson
 * George Stephenson was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830.
 * Born: June 9, 1781, Wylam, United Kingdom
 * Died: August 12, 1848, Tapton House
 * Children: Robert Stephenson
 * Siblings: Robert Stephenson
 * Structures: <span class="_Hx kno-fv">High Level Bridge
 * (Laughlin) - ** Gottlieb Daimler
 * (Lee, J.) - ** Karl Benz

Karl Benz, born 1844, was a German mechanical engineer who, in 1885, working together with his wife and business partner, Bertha Benz, designed the world’s first practical automobile using an internal-combustion engine. In 1886 he received the first patent for a gas-fueled car. Benz & Company became the world’s largest automobile manufacturer by 1900 which would later go on to become Mercedes-Benz. He is regarded as the inventor of the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine and a pioneer in the automobile industry.


 * (Lee, K.) - ** Sergei Witte



Count Sergei was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He served under the last two emperors of Russia. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire.

Witte returned to the forefront in 1905, however, when he was called upon by the Tsar to negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. He was sent as the Russian Emperor's plenipotentiary and titled "his Secretary of State and President of the Committee of Ministers of the Emperor of Russia" along with Baron Roman Rosen, Master of the Imperial Court of Russia[6] to the United States, where the peace talks were being held.

Witte is credited with negotiating brilliantly on Russia's behalf. Russia lost little in the final settlement. For his efforts, Witte was created a Count. But the loss of the war would perhaps spell the beginning of the end of Imperial Russia.

After this diplomatic success, Witte was brought back into the governmental decision-making process to help deal with the civil unrest following the war and Bloody Sunday riots of 1905. Even during the Treaty of Portsmouth negotiations, he had written to the Tsar stressing the urgent need for political reforms at home. Witte was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers, the equivalent of Prime Minister, in 1905. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Witte advocated the creation of an elected parliament, the formation of a constitutional monarchy, and the establishment of a Bill of Rights through the October Manifesto. Many of his reforms were put into place, but they failed to end the unrest. This, and overwhelming victories by left-wing political parties in Russia's first elected parliament, the State Duma, forced Witte to resign as Chairman of the Council of Ministers on 22 August 1906. Witte continued in Russian politics as a member of the State Council but never again obtained an administrative role in the government. In 1907, he survived an attempt on his life (consequence successfully made detective Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov), what he wrote in his memoirs.

In spite of worsening health, Witte remained active into World War I, desperately urging Russia not to enter the conflict and warning that Europe faced calamity if Russia became involved. The advice went unheeded, and he died shortly afterwards due to a brain tumor at his home in St. Petersburg. His funeral was held at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and different world of art in the 20th century. Cézanne's often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are characteristic and clearly recognizable. He used planes of color and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields. The paintings convey Cézanne's intense study of his subjects. Cézanne can be said to form the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism. Both Matisse and Picasso said that Cézanne "is the father of us all."
 * (Linton) - ** Impressionism
 * (Looney) - ** Claude Monet
 * (Macneill) - ** Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841 - 1919) -
 * French painted who helped develop impressionism.
 * Used mostly vibrant and saturated colors in high paintings.
 * Gained notoriety when two of his paintings were shown with Durand-Ruel in London.
 * Developed rheumatoid arthritis in 1907, but continued to create art, working with Richard Guino to make clay sculptures, and using a moving canvas to make creating larger paintings easier.
 * (Martinez) - ** Edgar Degas
 * (Matafadi) - ** Paul Cezanne-


 * (McCutchan) - ** Charles Dickens- (1812 - 1870) was an English author and literary colossus of his age with his most recognized works being //A Christmas Carol// and //A Tale of Two Cities//. He created some of the world's most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period. During his life, his works enjoyed unprecedented fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was broadly acknowledged by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories remain widely popular even today. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. His plots were carefully constructed, and Dickens often wove in elements from topical events or poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters into his narratives.

Anthony Trollope (1815 –1882) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works, collectively known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire. He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters.
 * (Measom) - ** Anthony Trollope--
 * (Mendez) - ** Camille Pissarro- A french-danish impressionist who was a well known revolutionary artist throughout Europe who changed art and impressonism forever. He helped create a collective society of artist in the the late 19th century, and was known as the "dean of impressionist artist" yet not only that but he became the father of impressionist art and post-impressionist art.
 * (Monteith) - ** Jeremy Bentham
 * (Moreno) - ** John Stuart Mill


 * English philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.
 * Believed that liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.
 * Seen as a utilitarian as he contributed significantly to utilitarianism through his book called, "Utilitarianism."
 * Found the inductive approach to science.
 * He set the factor of proving the hypothesis incorrect as a component in the scientific method.


 * (Nachtergaele) - ** Post - Impressionism is a movement that is a sort of mixture of impressionism and expressionism. It is evident in the late 19th century and early 20th century by painters such as Van Gogh, Gaughin, and Cezanne. Paintings from this era take every day sights with the impressionistic viewpoint (not that accurate but ornate in color and structure) and adds another fantasy-like aspect to it. A very famous example would be Starry Night (found below). It is basically all impressionistic in style... besides the way the wind is painted and the mountain like object to the left. This is obviously not truly there, but it isn't not there either. The painter just made it visible for others to witness.



<span class="title" style="color: #515050; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Trans-Siberian Railroad, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> rail line, linking European Russia with the Pacific coast. Its construction began in 1891, on the initiative of Count S. Y. Witte, and was completed in 1905. The completion of the railroad greatly affected the history of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and modern Russia by opening up Sibe ria<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> to development. Russia's longstanding desire for a Pacific port was realized with the foundation of Vladivostok in 1860. By 1880, Vladivostok had grown into a major port city, and the lack of adequate transportation links between European Russia and its Far Eastern provinces soon became an obvious problem. In 1891, Czar Alexander III drew up plans for the Trans-Siberian Railway and initiated its construction. Upon his death three years later, the work was continued by his son Nicholas. Despite the enormity of the project, a continuous route was completed in 1905, having been rushed to completion by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War the year before. The present route of the line, including both the difficult stretch around Baikal and a northerly replacement for the dangerously situated Manchurian line, was opened in 1916.
 * (Nguyen, N.) - ** Trans - Siberian RR



//The Origin of Species// //Frankenstein// Starry Nights Impression, Sunrise //The Wealth of Nations// //The Origin of Species// //Das Kapital// //The Communist Manifesto//
 * Important Works **

> ==== The British Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in England due to increases in labor and land productivity that took place between 1750 and 1850, although it had its beginnings in the 17th century. By 1750 agricultural output grew faster than population and the increase in food supply allowed the population of England to exceed 5.5 million for the first time. Because the agricultural revolution freed up labor, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap, it is often cited as one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution. ==== > The main problem was the fact that everyone was scrambling to get things done quickly. Loans were being taken out and banks could not cover what they were allowing people to take out. Although this seemed like a good idea at one time it caused an increase in longevity in the long run. Anothe > All over the world, the textile industry is one of the most important sectors of the economy in terms of investment, employment, trade and revenue. The industry consists of various segments like cotton textiles, ready-made garments, hand-crafted materials, and man-made textiles, silk and woollen textiles and so on as the industry is characterized by tremendous product variety and unpredictable demand. The textile manufacturing chain can be represented as: > The textile industry has developed over the years in many different directions with varying speed and levels of success. Therefore apart from the textiles produced into garments and wearable apparels, there are also technical textiles which are ‘manufactured primarily for their technical and performance properties rather than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics’. > The traditional work sphere was dictated by the father, and he controlled the pace of work for his family. > > The British government addressed public health by passing regulatory laws to curb the ills of working-class urban living. The Public Health Act of 1848 set up local health boards, investigated sanitary conditions nationwide, and established a General Board of Health. The local boards had the responsibility of ensuring that water supplies were safe. And in the 1875 Public Health Act, the government took on more responsibility for public health, adding housing, sewage, drainage, and contagious diseases. This Each new law was a big step forward for modern medicine and public health, and a far cry from the medieval bloodletting that had occurred only decades earlier. > 2. Abundant labor supply due to immigration > 3. Strong Government Policy (Laissez Faire) kept the government from interfering > 4. New Sources of Power electricity, petroleum, and steel > 5. Railroad made for easy shipping and transportation > 6. American Inventors and Inventions that speed up the work force
 * Review Questions **
 * 1) ** (Do) - ** What were the significant agricultural changes that occurred in Britain after 1700? What impact did these changes have on the British economy?
 * 2) ** (Edward) - ** What were the significant agricultural changes that occurred on the continent during the 18th century? How did these changes differ from what was happening in Britain at the same time?
 * 1) ** (Elizondo) - ** What new farming techniques were developed in Europe during the 1700s, and how did they impact the food supply? Why is the growing supply of food such an important development?
 * The British Agricultural Revolution was an increase in agricultural production in England between 1750 and 1850 due to increases in labor and land productivity, resulting in elevated agricultural productivity and net output. Major points of development included enclosure, mechanization, crop rotation, intensive farming and selective breeding. The agricultural changes, along with industrialization and migration, allowed western nations to increase both their population and their standard of living. The consolidation of large, privately owned holdings encouraged the improvement of productivity through experimentation by enterprising landowners. By the 1750s, the market for agriculture was substantially commercialized - crop surpluses were routinely sold by the producers on the market or exported elsewhere. These social changes were coupled with technical improvements. New methods of crop rotation and land use resulted in large additions to the amount of arable land. The four fiald crop rotation opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop allowing livestock to be bred year-round. Yields of cereal crops increased as farmers utilized nitrogen-rich manure and nitrogen fixing-crops such as clover, increasing the available nitrogen in the soil and removing the limiting factor on cereal productions. This improved production led to an increase in population and in the available workforce, creating the labor force needed for the Industrial Revolution.
 * Crop rotation - the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area sequentially to help restore plant nutrients, mitigate the build-up of pathogens and pests that occur when one plant species is continuously cropped, and improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. The system rotates crops with the result that different kinds and quantities of nutrients are taken from the soil as the plants grow.
 * Enclosure-The feudal open field system employed many subsistence farmers cropping strips of land in large fields held in common and splitting up the products likewise. To get more yields, a firmer hold on the land was required. Enclosure was denounced by the Church, and legislation was drawn up against it; but the developments in agricultural mechanization from the 16th to 18th centuries required large, enclosed fields to be successfully workable to provide more food for all. By the end of the 18th century the process of enclosure was largely complete.
 * Selective breeding - The practice of mating two animals with particularly desirable characteristics in order to stabilize certain qualities and reduce their genetic diversity. As more farmers followed this method, the size and quality of farm animals increased.
 * Seed planting - Before the introduction of the seed drill, the common practice was to plant seeds by throwing them across the ground by hand on the prepared soil and then lightly harrowing the soil to cover the seed. Seeds left on top of the ground were eaten by animals and insects and there was no control over their spacing. The seed drill was introduced from China to Italy and later improved by Jethro Tull in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and at the correct depth.
 * 1) ** (Elphick) - ** What were the significant differences in agriculture between Eastern and Western Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries? What accounts for these differences?
 * 2) ** (Eubank) - ** What is the Enclosure System? Is it a good or a bad idea? (explain both sides of the debate for the uninitiated) - Refers to when landowners would buy land and begin to fence in as many livestock as possible. a down side of this would be that it upset the farmers who worked on the land, and it made the cattle upset so they would often stampede. an upside of this would be that it helped get the landowners more money because of the money got from selling the meat of the animals.
 * 3) ** (Evans) - ** What are cottage industries? Why are they such an important part of peasant life?
 * 4) ** (Feagan) - ** What is the “Putting Out” System?
 * 5) ** (Fisher) - ** What is the factory system?
 * 6) ** (Franco) - ** What factors are necessary for industrialization to occur, and how do they impact the process? <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Industrialization is frequently considered as the replacement of farming and resource extraction by manufacturing and service activity. This transition takes different forms in different places at different times. Geographies of industrialization and economic development are important in understanding future growth patterns. The activities of a regional or national economy are commonly divided into five components. The primary sector includes activities directly involving the physical environment; occupations such as agriculture, fishing, forestry, hunting, and mining. The secondary sector involves the processing of raw materials and manufacturing. Most workers in North America are in the tertiary sector where they provide services. The service sector includes wholesale and retail sales, transportation, and finance, insurance, real estate (FIRE activities). Those whose work involves the exchange or application of information, knowledge, and/or capital are thought to be in the four or quaternary sector. Finally the expansion of the knowledge economy has necessitated the term quinary sector to refer to higher order, complex, and specialist tasks of control, production and management.As a country goes through industrialization or economic development it is possible to see a marked shift in the percentage of the labor force involved in the each of the five sectors. Non industrial states have most of their workers involved in the primary sector. When industrialization begins there is great growth in the secondary sector and the percent of workers involved in primary production decreases. With continued growth in economic activity the labor force shifts toward the third, fourth, and fifth sectors.
 * 7) ** (French) - ** What factors led to the increase in longevity during the Long 19th Century?
 * 1) ** (Harper) - ** Who really invented the steam engine? What was it used for initially?
 * 2) (<--- Again with the annoying number) While many people credit James Watt with the invention of the steam engine, the technology actually goes back about 2,000 years (but early prototypes were not practical). Watt wasn't even the first to patent the steam engine, that honor goes to Spanish inventor Jeronimo de Ayanz y Beaumont in 1606. The first steam engine for commercial use was developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, and it was used for pumping in a mine.
 * 3) ** (Hunt) - ** Where did the Industrial Revolution begin (yes I know in England – WHERE in England), and why did it begin there?
 * 4) ** (Jenkins) - ** How do the state and its institutions impact industrialization? I’m not really sure how I’m supposed to be answering this question, but I’ll just do my best to give you some kind of answer that might make sense in some way. So, in the United Kingdom during the early seventeenth century The Act of Union united England and Scotland, causing a sustained period of internal peace and free market free of trade barriers. This led to Britain having a reliable banking sector, and a system to enforce the rule of law, and a developing transportation system, etc. Eventually, by the later part of the 18th century, manual labor was being replaced by industry and machinery. That started with textiles and then went on from there. Industries were growing, and transportation was still growing too. Railways and canals and improved roads were all things aiding in the expansion of trade. Steam power, and the steam powered machinery was very beneficial for production capacity. Things such as all-metal machine tools allowed for the making of even more machines for manufacturing other things in other industries. Industrialization was starting to have a big impact on a lot of people in Europe and even North America.
 * 5) ** (Jones) - ** After industrialization occurred in Britain, it spread to the continent. Explain the expansion of the Industrial Revolution to the rest of Europe over the course of the next 100 years.
 * 6) ** (Keithley) - ** How did the growth of the British Empire in the 18th century impact industrialization in the 19th century? The growth of the British Empire aided incoming profit due to the benefits of mercantilism, alongside aiding in the acquisition of airable land for farming purposes, leading to an increase in the population. Taking this into consideration, population increase forced many children of lower-class families to move into the city areas, allowing for employment demand to exceed availability, and capitalism to develop in full swing.
 * 7) ** (Killough) - ** What steps did the British take to maintain their industrial monopoly?
 * 8) ** (King) - ** What significant inventions and discoveries were made from 1750 to 1800? Who made them, and how did they impact European society?
 * 9) ** (Knox) - ** What significant inventions and discoveries were made from 1800 to 1850? Who made them, and how did they impact European society?
 * 10) The industrial revolution saw the creation of many inventions such as:
 * Textiles – Mechanized cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of about 1000
 * Steam power – The efficiency of steam they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaption of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.
 * Iron making – The substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of iron. the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount of heat, coal required much less labor to mine than cutting wood and coal was more abundant than wood.y Abraham Darby, who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709
 * Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness
 * The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright, finally allowing 100% cotton cloth to be made in Britain
 * Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule, introduced in 1779, was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame
 * Henry Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes: rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784. Rolling replaced hammering for consolidating wrought iron and expelling some of the dross. Rolling was 15 times faster than hammering with a trip hammer. Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost
 * In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making Portland cement which was an important advance in the building trade
 * Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt : Gas lighting
 * Transportation such as, roads, and railroads allowed the movement of raw materials and goods to be disrupted long distances with ease
 * 1) ** (Kossia) - ** What significant inventions and discoveries were made from 1850 to 1900? Who made them, and how did they impact European society?
 * 2) ** (Laughlin) - ** How did Britain’s political climate contribute to the development of the Industrial Revolution?
 * 3) ** (Lee, J.) - ** How did industrialization in North America impact British (and eventually European) efforts to industrialize? By the time North America began to industrialize, Britain had already begun an industrial revolution. With a growing economy in the States focusing primarily on cotton textiles, the use of cheap labor became a necessity and thus the Colombian exchange was formed. Britain began to seek new colonies due to its need for raw materials and began to take over India through trading companies.
 * 4) ** (Lee, K.) - ** Why is the textile industry among the first to lend itself to the practices of mass production? The textile industry emanated along with the existence of industrialization and its history of development can be traced to the time spinning and weaving machines were invented in Britain . From this time, other countries also took part in industrialization and concentrated on the textile manufacturing sector.
 * 1) ** (Linton) - ** What are interchangeable parts and why are they important to industrialization?
 * 2) ** (Looney) - ** In addition to the textile industry, other areas of the economy also experienced significant changes. What were these economic sectors (i.e. transportation, communication, etc.), and how do these changes alter the economic landscape of the time?
 * 3) ** (Macneill) - ** How does the labor system change from 1700 to 1900?
 * 4) ** (Martinez) - ** What is the Iron Law of Wages?
 * 5) ** (Matafadi) - ** How does the Industrial Revolution impact the family structure during the Long 19th Century (1750 - 1900)? Factories put husbands, wives and child under the same conditions and authority of the manufacturer masters. Mothers would work 14 to 16 hours a day, leaving their infant with a babysitter for most of the day. Street life in the cities were very tough on young children, and they would used opium when food and employment was short. Marriage during the Industrial Revolution shifted from traditional to a more sociable union between wife and husband in the laboring class.Women and men tended to marry someone from the same job, geographical location or from the same social group. For example, a coal miner’s daughter would marry a coal miner’s son.
 * 1) ** (McCutchan) - ** How does the Industrial Revolution impact leisure time for the masses? What do the hordes of the “great unwashed” do with all of this extra time? Although more machinery was being introduced during the Industrial Revolution and it would seem to allow for time for more pleasure and fun activities for the general public to take part in, it instead did just the opposite, at least for the poor or “the “great unwashed”’, and stole any extra time the people had on their hands and forced them to work long hours with little pay. The wealthy people were able to get educations and played cricket, golf, tennis, and horse racing in their free time while the poor went to urban pubs, circuses, cinemas, music halls and played soccer or rugby though they had very limited time to do any of these things.
 * 2) ** (Measom) - ** What reforms were enacted by the British government in response to the Industrial Revolution? The British Parliament set up a commission in 1832 to investigate child labor in factories. Based on those findings, Parliament felt compelled to respond. As a result, the government passed The Factory Act of 1833 to regulate excessive child labor. The act set limits on how many hours per day children could work. This was the first ever government regulation of the industrial workplace. It was a very small step: even after the reform, nine-year-old children, for example, could still work nine hours a day, six days a week. Factory owners had resisted the law because they said it would slow down production, increase the cost of their products, and make them less competitive. And, some parents of the child workers worried that their families would have less money to survive as a result of the lost income. Nonetheless, this first child labor law set a new precedent: that the British Parliament might reluctantly take it upon itself to regulate abuses in the industrial workplace.
 * 1) ** (Mendez) - ** Industrialization produced a population boom in urban areas. What were the problems associated with such a rapid increase in urban populations? The main issue with a rapid increase in population in urban cities is that of shortage of food and you will need more room to live in a city, which the city must expand. But one of the biggest problems with big urban cities is dieases and with an icrease with population is that it might spread more easily throughtout the younger age groups. And yet the biggest problem with a large increase in population growth in an urban area is work, how can you find or get a job when twice as many people are trying to work the same job.
 * 2) ** (Monteith) - ** How did the process of industrialization change as the revolution spread from Great Britain to the rest of Europe? (make sure your answer reflects state involvement in the process).
 * 3) ** (Moreno) - ** How does industrialization impact British politics during the Long 19th Century? What changes occur regarding suffrage, political factions, representation, and diplomacy? It led many aristocrats, business owners, to support industrialization as it would benefit them and eventually Whig leaders welcomed the increasing political participation of the English middle classes. The fresh support strengthened their position in Parliament. Whigs rejected the Tory appeals to governmental authority and social discipline, and extended political discussion beyond Parliament. Whigs used a national network of newspapers and magazines, as well as local clubs, to deliver their message. Whigs restored power and supported the emancipation of the Catholics and the abolition of slavery. The Prime Minister, Lord Grey, supported reform to 'prevent the necessity of revolution' and was responsible for the first (or 'Great') Reform Act of 1832. However, the Act gave the vote in towns only to men who occupied property with an annual value of £10, which excluded six adult males out of seven from the voting process. They kept reforming the voting regulations where it eventually sat to where all male house owners had the ability to vote, increasing voting rates tremendously.
 * 4) ** (Nachtergaele) - ** What is the significance of the Great Exhibition in London? The Great Exhibition, a show that included all the rage about new technology from the Industrial Revolution, was a competition type affair held in the Crystal Palace in London in 1851. The French had already had a similar exhibition around 1822; this is where the British came up with the idea to hold one of their own. At the Exhibition, France thus was the 'winner' per say, or the country that gained the most medals. All countries, however, did an impressive job, showing off their newly acquired technology such as weapons, art, etc. It was absolutely gorgeous. The significance of it all, however, was that this Exhibition created one mass cultural diffusion. Technology had at this point officially become a global thing. It really jumpstarted the Industrial Revolution and sped it up immensely. This caused all countries to be 'caught up' in a sense, even Russia!! (I repeat, IN A SENSE).
 * 5) ** (Nguyen, N.) - ** What were the political changes wrought by industrialization on the continent during the Long 19th Century? Here again, I‘d like your answer to include information on suffrage, political factions, representation, and diplomacy.
 * 6) ** (Nguyen, T.) - ** What factors ignite the Second Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century? 1. A lot of natural resources such as coal, iron, ore, and oil
 * 1) ** (Nugen) - ** How does Industrialization impact the world of art?
 * 2) ** (Olmos) - ** Who are the significant British authors in the first half of the 19th century, and what were their works? (did your list include Edward Bulwer - Lytton?)


 * Washington Irving- __//The Sketchbook//__
 * Henry David Thoreau- //__Walden__//
 * Federick Douglass- //__The Narrative of Federick Douglass__//
 * Charles Darwin- __//The Origin of Species//__
 * Edward Bulwer(Lytton)- __//Godolphin//__ and __//The Pilgrims of the Rhine//__
 * 1) ** (Phillips) - ** Who are the significant French and Spanish authors in the first half of the 19th century, and what were their works?
 * 2) ** (Ponce) - ** Who are the significant Russian authors in the first half of the 19th century, and what were their works?
 * 3) Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837):
 * 4) Eugene Onegin (1833 & 1837)
 * 5) //The Messenger of Europe// (as early as 1814)
 * 6) “The Bandit Brothers” (1821/22)
 * 7) “The Gypsies” (1823-1824)
 * 8) “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” (1824)
 * 9) “Ruslan and Lyudmila” (1820)
 * 10) Boris Godunov (1825)
 * 11) The History of the Pugachev Rebellion (1834)
 * 12) The Daughter of the Commandant (1836)
 * 13) A LOT MORE
 * 14) Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883):
 * 15) "Sportsman's Sketches"
 * 16) "Fathers and Sons"
 * 17) "Virgin Soil"
 * 18) "Sportsman's Sketches"
 * 19) "A Month in the Country"
 * 20) "Khor"
 * 21) "Kalinich"
 * 22) I'm not sure if these are in the time period but... he wrote them...
 * 23) Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910):
 * 24) War and Peace (1865-1869)
 * 25) Anna Karenina (1875-1877)
 * 26) His best works (like the ones above) are not in the time period but are still important. The ones above are the most important.
 * 27) Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881):
 * 28) //Poor Folk// (1845)
 * 29) //The House of the Dead// (1861) - OTP
 * 30) //The Idiot// (1868-1869) - OTP
 * 31) Notes from the Underground (1864) - OTP
 * 32) //Demons// (1872) - OTP
 * 33) Crime and Punishment (1866) - OTP
 * 34) The Brothers Karamazov (1881) - OTP
 * 35) Anton Chekhov (1860-1904):
 * 36) //The Sea Gull//
 * 37) //Uncle Vanya//
 * 38) //Three Sisters//
 * 39) //The Cherry Orchard//
 * 40) I believe that they are all OTP but still his most important work
 * 41) Karl Marx (1818-1883)
 * 42) The Communist Manifesto (1848)
 * 43) Das Kapital (1867-1894) - OTP
 * 44) My conclusion: although there were a few authors, not many wrote during this time period (or I couldn't find them)
 * 45) ** (Raison) - ** Who are the significant British authors in the last half of the 19th century, and what were their works?
 * Matthew Arnold: "Dover Beach", "The Scholar-Gypsy", "Thyrsis", __Culture and Anarchy__, __Literature and Dogma__
 * Lydia Becker: __Women's Suffrage Journal__
 * Edgar Alfred Bowring: __Free Trade and Its So-Called Sophisms__
 * Havelock Ellis: there are too many to fit on this page GOOGLE HIM!!!!
 * Kenneth Grahame: Pagan Papers, The Golden Age, Dream Days, The Headswoman, The Wind in the Willows, Bertie's Escapade
 * John Wesley Hales: Percy Folio Manuscript, Milton's Areopagitica
 * William Angus Knight: Hume, Aspects of Theism, Wordssworthiana, Inter Amicos, Retrospects, THERE ARE MORE>>>> GOOGLE HIM AS WELL
 * G. E. Moore: Principia Ethica
 * Saki (Hector Hugh Munro): The Interlopers, Gabriel-Ernest, The Toys of Peace, The Storyteller, The Open Window, Sredni Vashtar, Tobermory, The Bull, The East Wing
 * A. E. Waite: Rider-Waite Tarot Deck, The Mysteries of Magic, The Book of Ceremonial Magic, The Book of Black Magic and of Pacts
 * 1) ** (Rajpurohit) - ** Who are the significant French and Spanish authors in the last half of the 19th century, and what were their works?

European literature from the first half of the century was dominated by Romanticism, which is associated with such authors as Victor Hugo , Alexandre Dumas, père , François-René de Chateaubriand , Alphonse de Lamartine , Gérard de Nerval , Charles Nodier , Alfred de Musset , Théophile Gautier and Alfred de Vigny.

Leo Tolstoy-Anna Karenina Nikolai Gogol-Dead Souls Ivan Turgenev-Fathers and Sons Ivan Goncharov-Oblomov Anton Chekhov-Numerous plays and short stories > Paintings created in the Neoclassic style reflect the rational way of thinking that was a significant part of the Enlightenment of 18 th century Europe. This intellectual movement emphasized reason and drew from classical Greek and Roman style and content. Art that is considered part of the Neoclassicism movement can be identified by its idealized forms and stable composition. > ** Romanticism **: > Conversely, the art from the Romanticism movement was based on emotion rather than rationale, and placed an emphasis on the individual rather than on society. These works are characterized by a brighter use of color and expressive brushstroke, and were meant to evoke emotion. Exotic subjects from foreign lands were also more prevalent in Romantic art, and the Walters houses several works from this period containing these subjects. > The Romanticism movement was the forerunner to the Impressionist movement which, at the time, was a group of radical artists breaking the traditional standards of painting. Named for Claude Monet’s // Impression, Sunrise //, this type of painting was characterized by loose, quick brush strokes, a focus on one’s immediate impression of a scene, elimination of chiaroscuro, and painting “en plein air,” or outside. > ** Impressionism **: > The Romanticism movement was the forerunner to the Impressionist movement which, at the time, was a group of radical artists breaking the traditional standards of painting. Named for Claude Monet’s // Impression, Sunrise //, this type of painting was characterized by loose, quick brush strokes, a focus on one’s immediate impression of a scene, elimination of chiaroscuro, and painting “en plein air,” or outside. > **Baroque:** > European art and architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries. Giovanni Bernini, a major exponent of the style, believed in the union of the arts of architecture, painting, and sculpture to overwhelm the spectator with ornate and highly dramatized themes. Although the style originated in Rome as the instrument of the Church, it spread throughout Europe in such monumental creations as the Palace of Versailles. > **Rococo:** > A French style of interior decoration developed during the reign of Louis XV consisting mainly of asymmetrical arrangements of curves in paneling, porcelain, and gold and silver objects. The characteristics of ornate curves, prettiness, and gaiety can also be found in the painting and sculpture of the period. > **Realism:** > A development in mid-19th-century France lead by Gustave Courbet. Its aim was to depict the customs, ideas, and appearances of the time using scenes from everyday life. Capitalism is an economic system in which trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profits in a market economy. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets and wage labor. In a capitalist economy, the parties to a transaction typically determine the prices at which assets, goods, and services are exchanged. 1800 – Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery (because we use batteries nearly all the time) 1805 – John Dalton: Atomic Theory in Chemistry (because <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> are useful) 1824 – Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine (um... heat engines?) 1827 – Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity) (sounds important) 1827 – Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law (Gas law) (because it has caused the suffering of many students who don't enjoy science) 1830 - Nikolai Lobachevsky created Non-Euclidean geometry (because Euclid was too mainstream) 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction (contributes to technological advances and such) 1833 – Anselme Payen isolates first enzyme, diastase (because biology is important) 1838 – Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells (because it wasn't always that obvious) 1838 – Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni) (I have no idea) 1842 – Christian Doppler: Doppler effect (ummm... I think scientists would care) 1843 – James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy (because that means you can't spontaneously create energy might be depressing for some people) 1846 – William Morton: discovery of anesthesia (because surgery is painful) 1846 – Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune (because now it's the last planet from the Sun because nobody likes Pluto... forever alooonnnneeeee) 1848 – Lord Kelvin: absolute zero (because it's fun to find impossible things) 1858 – Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells (it must have been important to him) 1859 – Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace: Theory of evolution by <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> (because it will cause a lot of controversy. And change. Yes, that is a problem. According to society.) ~I promise you, that weird spacing wasn't me being OCD. It was my <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> being unreasonable. Besides, I have too much #Majesty for that.
 * 1) ** (Rebotee) - ** Who are the significant Russian authors in the last half of the 19th century, and what were their works?
 * Fyodor Dostoyevsky-Crime and Punishment
 * 1) ** (Redburn) - ** What are the major artistic periods of European art during the 1800s?
 * 2) ** Neoclassicism **:
 * 1) ** (Rivers) - ** What are the significant architectural innovations and changes that occur during the Industrial Revolution? (make sure your response includes information about the Crystal Palace? Architecture changed in response to the new industrial landscape. Prior to the late 19th century, the weight of a multistory building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls. The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower sections. Since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such load-bearing walls could sustain, large designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the building's height. Also The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet (92,000 m2) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
 * 2) ** (Romero) - ** Who are the Luddites, and why are they significant? The Luddites weree English textile artisans throughout the 19th-century. This group of people protested against newly devolped labour-saving machinery. The machinery such as stocking frames, spinning frames, and power looms were introduced during the Industrial Revolution and threatened to replace the artisans. The machinery could replace the artisans, because they could use less-skilled, low-wage laborers to operate the machines. This movement is seen as part of the rising tide of English working-class discontent. The Luddites focused on the breaking of threshing machines (occurred during the widespread of Swing Riots in 1830). This group of people were significant, because the movement emerged during the harsh economic climate of the Napoleonic War, which saw a rise in difficult working conditions in the new textile factories. The movement first began in Nottingham in March of 1811 and spread rapidly throughout England over the following years.
 * 3) ** (Rue) - ** Who are the Chartists, and why are they significant? Members of the Chartist movement in Britain from 1838 to 1850. Movement took its name from the People's Charter of 1838, a document that demanded changes within the English government, more specifically democratizing it by providing male sufferage. Was extremely popular among the working class and won a lot more support than more radical options making it a mass movement, and while not immediately causing any reforms, did set the way for the Reform Act of 1867 when working men were finally enfranchised.
 * 4) ** (Russell) - ** The Late 19th century is often referred to as the “Victorian Era”. First of all, why is called that, and second of all, how do Victorian ideas influence the time period?
 * 5) ** (Schaefer) - ** What is Liberalism? What is Conservatism? What differentiates the two? Liberalism-A political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality, Conservatism-Promotes retaining traditional social institutions, Liberals(those who follow the concept of Liberalism) generally ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property while Conservatives or Traditionalists(supporters of Conservatism) either seek to preserve things as they are and emphasis stability and continuity(I'm pretty sure Mr. Wooley talks about those a bunch) or oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were" who are called Reactionaries
 * 6) ** (Schrop) - ** What is utilitarianism, and who its principle advocates? Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy in which the happiness of the greatest number of people in the society is considered the greatest good. According to this philosophy, an action is morally right if its consequences lead to happiness and wrong if it ends in unhappiness. Since the actions that lead to happiness or unhappiness are circumstantial, there is no need for moral principal in utilitarianism. This philosophy was proposed by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his 1789 book Principles of Morals and Legislation. This idea was later developed in 1863 John Stuart Mill in his book Utilitarianism.
 * 7) ** (Siraphet) - ** What do you think accounts for the growing liberalization of European politics during the 19th century? There were many events that can be accounted for the spread of liberal ideas in the form of politics through Europe in the 19th century. Some of the major accounts were the suffrage and abolitionists movements that began to spread across the continent as well as the liberal and nationalist movements that played a role in the unification of Italy and Germany during the late 19th century. Also, some other significant events that occurred was the Revolutions of 1848 where many countries such as Austria and other central European countries began to liberate their country from the governing of a monarchy into a republic. France is well known in this case for the growing liberalism for the reason that during the 19th century where the people of the country dethroned the Bourbon Family from power and declared itself as a second republic during this time, during the Revolution of 1830. Even before the 19th century, there were many events that took place that influenced the growing importance of the liberalism that is seen in the century, such as John Adams writing the Wealth of Nations where the book explained liberalism, laissez-faire, and etc. and the abolition of slavery in the Untied States in the south. An important event that took place at the beginning of the 19th century was the Napoleonic Wars which became a significant factor for liberalism in the countries of Europe because people began to grow a sense of nationalism under people of a similar nation while under control of a foreigner ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte, and began to liberate themselves as a nation-state from the rule of Napoleon.
 * 8) (Sjostrom) - What is capitalism, and who it’s principle advocates?
 * 1) ** (Tellez) - ** What is socialism, and who it’s principle advocates? __Socialism is the social and economic stages of society in Marxist theory were no one owns property and pay is distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and amount of work done. Karl Marx called socialism the result of the international tensions of capitalism where the upper class is running the business and the lower class is working for the business and not getting what they want. Socialism has been used to take down a government such as Russia had done to take down the czar.__
 * 2) ** (Theisen) - ** How does Marxist socialism differ from utopian socialism? This is a difficult question to answer because Marx came up with the idea of utopia but I'll try my best. Utopian socialists generally don't feel class struggle or political revolutions are necessary to implement their ideas; that people of all classes might voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it were presented convincingly. They often feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among like-minded people within the existing society, and attempt to establish small communities designed to demonstrate their plan for society. Utopian socialism is based on a belief that social ownership of the means of production can be achieved by voluntary and peaceful surrender of their holdings by propertied groups. Marxism is is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called Marxism. A theoretical presence of Marxist approaches in western academic fields of research is present in the disciplines of anthropology, media studies, theatre, history, Sociological theory, economics, literary criticism, aesthetics and philosophy. The constitutions of all Communist Parties and Communist states were grounded in Marxism.
 * 3) ** (Thomas) - ** What is Utopian socialism, and what factors led to its creation? ** Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought. Karl Marx, Robert Owen, and Charles Fourier were some socialist in the 19th century. The socialists believed that social ownership of the means of production could be achieved by surrendering of their holdings. The French and Britain revolutions led to Utopian socialism, because they were both attempts for equality, which both failed. After these revolutions failed to establish equality, it encouraged some people to step up and come up with ways to have equality in the society. The socialists believed that the social systems were not appropriate for the new age. There were many ideas put out in attempt to provide a society without the large gap in between the elite and the peasants. **
 * 4) ** (Weiss) - ** Why does socialism/communism find such fertile ground in which to grow (particularly in Germany)
 * 5) ** (Wieland) - ** How does labor respond to the working conditions of the 19th century? (I'm not sure I completely understand the question but here we go) During the Industrialization period, labor unions were created by workers to protect them from abuse by employers. Because before the creation of labour unions, people didn't have set days, hours, wages, and breaks. Overtime wasn't a thing, and your boss could come up to you at any time and tell you to work on the weekends for nothing more and you would have to accept if you wanted to keep your job. With these labour unions, wages were higher, holidays existed and if got hurt on the job, you got reimbursed Pretty sweet right? Well not to those bosses/managers who owned these companies, so they have been in a dispute since the early 1800s.
 * 6) ** (Xia) - ** What are the significant scientific discoveries of the first half of the 19th century, and who made them? Why are they important enough to include on your list?
 * 7) The very first one was interchangeable parts by eli whitney in 1801. This made it so if a product part failed, another part could be ordered and not the entire product replaced. The next one is the railroad, when Samuel Homfray started in 1803, he would create a new fast and cheap form of transportaiton that would replace horse drawn wagons and carts. The steamboat by robert fulton in 1807 also utilized the steam engine, it made transporting goods in water much easier. The cotton gin also made by eli whitney was created to clean cotton more quickly and efficiently, this created a large need for slaves in the south, boosting the slave trade. The reaper is another big one, cyrus mccorrmick (like the spice) make a machine cutter, thresher, and it collectively bundled wheat. it improved farm exports and made farmers jobs easier. Although it might sound a bit wierd, electric street cars were in business since 1834. Perhaps the biggest was thomas morse's telegraph, it imporved communication and expedited the process.(dear mr. wooley, i made this on saturday, but i made it a draft but forgot to save my changes, lo ciento)
 * 8) ** (Yakubek) - ** What are the significant scientific discoveries of the last half of the 19th century, and who made them? Why are they important enough to include on your list? (thank you, Yakubek - now would speak with Kossia? Apparently he's caught the space bug, too...)
 * 1) ** (Yakubek) - ** What are the significant scientific discoveries of the last half of the 19th century, and who made them? Why are they important enough to include on your list? (thank you, Yakubek - now would speak with Kossia? Apparently he's caught the space bug, too...)