The+Cold+War+1945-1965

=**Directions ** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier. = = Identification: = The **Berlin blockade** (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. In response, the Western Allies organized the **Berlin airlift** to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.__ [1] __ [|[2]] Aircrews from the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the South African Air Force [|[3]] :338 flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing up to 4700 tons of necessities daily, such as fuel and food, to the Berliners. [|[4]] By the spring of 1949 the airlift was clearly succeeding, and by April it was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail. The success of the Berlin Airlift brought embarrassment to the Soviets who had refused to believe it could make a difference. The blockade was lifted in May 1949 and resulted in the creation of two separate German states. [|[4]] The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) split up Berlin. [|[4]] Following the airlift, three airports in the former western zones of the city served as the primary gateways to Germany for another fifty years.
 * Questions for Imperialism **
 * AP European History **
 * (Barner) - **Berlin Airlift
 * was a response to the Berlin Blockade by the Soviets, which effectively blocked the all the Allies' connection (road, rail, and water) to the areas of Berlin under the Allies' control, which itself was a response to the Allied Powers uniting all their occupations in Germany into a unified "West Germany"
 * the Allies airlifted in supplies (fuel, food, etc.) to the people of Berlin that were blockaded (combined effort from the U.S, the Brits, Canadians, Australians, New Zealand, and South Africa)
 * by 1949, this airlift system was bringing in more supplies than the previous methods of transportation did, which basically shamed the Soviets into removing the blockade in May, 1949
 * symbolized the Allies' dedication to not allowing the Soviets to spread their influence any further
 * (Bassett) - **Berlin Blockade-

Physically, the Iron Curtain took the form of border defenses between the countries of Europe in the middle of the continent. The most notable border was marked by the Berlin Wall and its Checkpoint Charlie which served as a symbol of the Curtain as a whole.The events that demolished the Iron Curtain started in discontent in Poland, and continued in Hungary, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. Romania was the only communist state in Europe to violently overthrow its totalitarian <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: sans-serif !important; font-size: 14px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 21px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> .Also the Iron Curtain was a speech given by Winston Churchill after WWI in 1946,He claimed the communist East Europe was separated from the rest of the world behind an iron curtain;nothing could get in or out. At this point the Soviets dominated Eastern Europe.
 * (Bates) - **Berlin Wall
 * (Benavides) - **Checkpoint Charlie (or "Checkpoint C")
 * name given by the Western Allies to the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War.
 * Checkpoint Charlie became a symbol of the Cold War, representing the separation of East and West
 * GDR leader Walter Ulbricht agitated and maneuvered to get the Soviet Union's permission for the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop Eastern Bloc emigration westward through the Soviet border <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]]
 * preventing escape across the city sector border from East Berlin to West Berlin. Soviet and American tanks briefly faced each other at the location during the Berlin Crisis of 1961.
 * After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the reunification of Germany, the building at Checkpoint Charlie became a tourist attraction. It is now located in the Allied <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] in the Dahlem neighborhood of Berlin.
 * (Boboy) - **Iron Curtain-The Iron Curtain symbolized the conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet-controlled areas. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:
 * Member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Union as the leading state
 * Member countries of the European Community and/or the North Atlantic Treaty <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: sans-serif !important; font-size: 14px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 21px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="21" link="#"]] and with the United States as the leading country

In the late 1940s, his writings inspired the [|__Truman Doctrine__] and the [|__U.S. foreign policy__] of "containing" the Soviet Union, thrusting him into a lifelong role as a leading authority on the Cold War. His "Long Telegram" [|__[1__]] from Moscow in 1946 and the subsequent 1947 article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" argued that the Soviet regime was inherently [|__expansionist__] and that its influence had to be "contained" in areas of vital strategic importance to the United States. These texts quickly emerged as foundation texts of the Cold War, expressing the Truman administration's new anti-Soviet Union policy. Kennan also played a leading role in the development of definitive Cold War programs and institutions, notably the [|__Marshall Plan__]. The **Marshall Plan** (officially the **European Recovery Program**, **ERP**) was the American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> the spread of Soviet Communism. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again. The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale rescue program. The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House. The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan, with help from Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American soldier and statesman famous for his leadership roles during World War II and after. He was Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. He was hailed as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. Marshall's name was given to the Marshall Plan, subsequent to a commencement address he presented as Secretary of State at Harvard University in the June of 1947. The speech recommended that the Europeans collectively create their own plan for rebuilding Europe after World War II noting, "It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: Arial,sans-serif !important; font-size: 14px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 21px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> in the world." Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for the plan, which was aimed at the economic recovery of Western Europe after World War II. An Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). Similarly conventional, chemical and <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> weapons can also be delivered with varying effectiveness. Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target. Early ICBMs had limited accuracy that allowed them to be used only against the largest targets such as cities. They were seen as a "safe" basing option, one that would keep the deterrent force close to home where it would be difficult to attack. Attacks against military targets, if desired, still demanded the use of a manned bomber. Second and third generation designs dramatically improved accuracy to the point where even the smallest point targets can be successfully attacked. ICBMs are differentiated by having greater range and speed than other ballistic missiles: intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs), short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs)—these shorter range ballistic missiles are known collectively as theatre ballistic missiles. The Multiple Independently targetable Reentry <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">, or MIRV, is an American invention. It enables multiple warheads, which are independently aimed, to be released from one ballistic missile, rather than one warhead per ballistic missile. This is an obvious strategic advantage, although accuracy is important and crucial to achieve maximum damage and potential. SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Agreement, also known as the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled. The strategic nuclear forces of the Soviet Union and the United States were changing in character in 1968. The total number of missiles held by the United States had been static since 1967 at 1,054 ICBMs and 656 SLBMs but there was an increasing number of missiles with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) warheads being deployed. MIRVs carried multiple nuclear warheads, often with dummies, to confuse ABM systems, making MIRV defense by ABM systems increasingly difficult and expensive. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) II was the second series of talks between the United States and the Soviet Union, this time lasting from 1972 to 1979, with the intention of reducing the number of nuclear weapons on both sides and thus reduce the risk of a globally destructive nuclear war. The SALT II Treaty was the first treaty to actually reduce the number of nuclear arms that either side held instead of just limiting production, and it also banned new missile programs. The SALT II Treaty was signed Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter. Despite the fact that the U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty, both sides honored it until 1986 when the Reagan administration accused the Soviets of violating its terms. The B-1 Lancer can deliver a deadly weapons payload at supersonic speeds. The U.S. Air Force began developing plans for a supersonic bomber aircraft in the late 1960s. A prototype of the B-1 bomber was developed in the 1970s, but the project was delayed several times and eventually cancelled due to shifting military and political priorities.A new version of the B-1 bomber resurfaced in the 1980s and was known as the "B-1B Lancer." This aircraft entered service with the U.S. Air Force in 1986 and was still being used for combat missions as of 2011.
 * (Boyer) - **George F. Kennan
 * George Frost Kennan** was an American <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]], diplomat, [|__political scientist__] , and historian, best known as "the father of [|__containment__] " and as a key figure in the emergence of the [|__Cold War__] . He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Soviet Union and the Western powers. He was also a core member of the group of foreign <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] elders known as " [|__The Wise Men__] ".
 * (Bratcher) - **Marshall Plan
 * (Brinlee) - **Sec. George Marshall -
 * (Brown) - **MAD-
 * Mutual assured destruction**, or **mutually assured destruction** (**MAD**), is a [|doctrine] of military [|strategy] and [|national security policy] in which a full-scale use of high-yield [|weapons of mass destruction] by two opposing sides would cause the [|complete annihilation] of both the attacker and the defender. It is based on the theory of [|deterrence] where the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy's use of those same weapons. The strategy is a form of [|Nash equilibrium] in which neither side, once armed, has any incentive to initiate a conflict or to disarm.
 * (Cardoza) - ** Cuban Missile Crisis
 * October 14-28, 1962
 * Between the Soviet Union and Cuba (supported by Warsaw Pact) vs. United States, Turkey, and Italy (supported by NATO)
 * Dealt with a moment during the Cold War when it came close to becoming a nuclear conflict
 * Mutual assured distruction was documented for the first time being discussed as a major <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] arms agreement.
 * After US failed attempt to ovethrow the Cuban regime by placing nuclear missiles in Turkey and Italy pointed at Moscow in May 1962, Nikita Khrushchev thought that the Soviet Union should place nuclear missiles in Cuba to <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] from occuring in any future invasion.
 * (Carroll) - **Francis Gary Powers -
 * Francis Gary Powers (August 17, 1929 – August 1, 1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency[1] U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission over Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. Powers' U-2 plane was hit by a S-75 missile fired from the ground, crashing to the earth.** **When the U.S. government learned of Powers' disappearance over the Soviet Union, they issued a cover statement claiming a "weather plane" had strayed off course after its pilot had "difficulties with his <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] ." What CIA officials did not realize was that the plane crashed almost fully intact, and the Soviets recovered its equipment. Powers was interrogated extensively by the KGB for months before he made a confession and a public apology for his part in espionage.**
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Consolver) - **U - 2
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Coville) - **ICBM
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Craver) - **MIRV
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Dam) - **ABM Treaty - was a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons.Under the terms of the treaty, each party was limited to two ABM complexes, each of which were to be limited to 100 anti-ballistic missiles. Signed in 1972, it was in force for the next 30 years. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1997 the United States and four former Soviet republics agreed to succeed to the treaty. In June 2002 the United States withdrew from the treaty, leading to its termination.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Davis) - **SALT
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Diver) - **SALT II
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Do) - **#|START
 * was known as the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
 * was a bilateral treaty between the USand the Soviet Union
 * based on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
 * signed on 31 July 1991
 * barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads
 * resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence
 * Proposed by US President Ronald Reagan
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Edward) - **B - 52 bomber
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">The B-52 Stratofortress is a long-range, strategic heavy bomber capable of dropping or launching the widest array of weapons in the U.S. inventory. The latest version, the B-52H, can carry up to 20 air-launched cruise missiles. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Elizondo) - **B - 1 bomber -
 * Weapons and Speed ** - The B-1 bomber, built by the Boeing Company, is distinguished by its speed and weapons payload. The aircraft can travel at supersonic speeds. Its maximum speed is Mach 1.25 – about 950 miles per hour. The plane’s low level speed is set at Mach 0.92 – 700 miles per hour. The B-1’s maximum takeoff weight is 477,000 pounds. In terms of weapons, the B-1 bomber carries an impressive six external general purpose bombs, Quick strike sea mines, cluster bombs, GBU-31 guided bombs, small diameter bombs, and an AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon. The aircraft also has the capability to carry a nuclear bomb, if needed.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Elphick) - **B - 2 bomber

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.72px;">I think the picture sums it up .The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, is an strategic bomber with low observable stealth <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.079999923706055px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> designed for penetrating any anti-aircraft defenses (Evans) - SAC- stands for strategic air command. It coordinated all the movement of bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles during the Cold War. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Leads to the end of the Cold War. USSR and USA decided that, since the Vietnam war was costly and nuclear weapons are terrifying, they should just chill and stop fighting so much. The Helsinki Agreement was signed by the USA, USSR, Canada, and almost every European state, also helping to ease the tensions. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total. Members' defense spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The ** United Nations ** ( ** UN ** ) is an [|intergovernmental organization] established on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective [|League of Nations], the organization was created following the [|Second World War] to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 [|member states] ; there are now 193. The [|UN Headquarters] is situated in [|Manhattan], [|New York City] and enjoys [|extraterritoriality]. Further main offices are situated in [|Geneva], [|Nairobi] and [|Vienna]. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The United Nations Security Council is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. It was created after WWII to address the failure of the League of Nations. It was pretty much paralyzed during the Cold War because of the division between the US and USSR and their allies. it has five permanent members (the victors of WWII - China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US) and ten non-permanent members, elected every two years. The council's resolutions are typically enforced by UN Peacekeepers. Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926. He is a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and was President from 1976 to 2008. From 1959 to 2008 he was the Commander in Chief of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces. He was also the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 to 2011. The Republic of Cuba became a one-party socialist state under his administration (he was politically a Marxist-Leninist). Under his administration industry and businesses were also nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented in every aspect of society. Castro also served as the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983, and then again from 2006 to 2008. Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 "Revolt of the Sergeants" that overthrew the authoritarian rule of Gerardo Machado. Batista then appointed himself chief of the armed forces, with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member Presidency. He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940, when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform.He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba, considered progressive for its time,and served until 1944. After finishing his term he lived in the United States, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup that preempted the election.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Eubank) - **NORAD - North American Aerospace <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] Command - a combined organization in north America between Canada and the United States that aerospace warning, defense, and air sovereignty over North America. Started in 1968
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Feagan) - **Detente
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Fisher) - **NATO
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Franco) - **Warsaw Pact
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(French) - **United Nations
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Harper) - **Security Council
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Hunt) - **Non - Aligned Nations-- the Non Aligned Nations, or members of NAM ( Non Aligned Movement) were not part of any major bloc during or after the Cold War. The program was formed in 1961 and is still standing today. The organization has 120 members and 17 observers ( a privilege granted by some organizations to non-members to give them an ability to participate in the organization's activities.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Jenkins) - **Fidel Castro
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Jones) - **Fulgencio Batista
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Keithley) - **Che Gueverra

-1928-1967 -Argentinian Marxist revolutionary who played an influential part in the Cuban Revolution -assisted in Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, in the hopes of overthrowing the American-backed dictator of Cuba: Batista -served as a leading figure in reviewing cases for military tribunals, encouraging and insisting upon agrarian land reforms, spearheading a national literacy campaign, instructing Cuba's armed forces, and traveling as a Cuban diplomat for Cuban socialism -brought in the soviet-issued and armed nuclear missiles to Cuba, precipitating the Cuban Missile Crisis -later captured in Bolivia and subsequently executed by CIA operatives located in the country

The place were the best around in north america met to give each other rays of rainbows and sunshine. born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman. He was the seventh and last undisputed leader of the Soviet Union, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991 (titled as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1990 and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991). He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born after the October Revolution . The CIA, or Central Intelligence Agency, is an intelligence-gathering agency of the US government. Historically, the CIA succeeded the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) which was formed during WWII in order to plan secret espionage activities against the Axis Powers. The CIA’s main priorities are counterterrorism, focused on the “Global War on Terror”, nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, warning American leaders of overseas events, counterintelligence, and cyber intelligence. Basically, the CIA is the United States’ “spy organization”, which was previously the OSS. <span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti, translated in English as Committee for State Security), was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its collapse in 1991. Formed in 1954 as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as Cheka, NKGB, and MGB, the committee was attached to the Council of Ministers. It was the chief government agency of "union-republican jurisdiction", acting as internal security, intelligence, and secret police. Similar agencies were instated in each of the republics of the Soviet Union aside from Russia and consisted of many ministries, state committees, and state commissions. <span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">A military service and was governed by army laws and regulations, similar to the Soviet Army or MVD Internal Troops. While most of the KGB archives remain classified, two on-line documentary sources are available. Its main functions were foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operative-investigatory activities, guarding the State Border of the USSR, guarding the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, organization and ensuring of government communications as well as combating nationalism, dissent, and anti-Soviet activities. <span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">After the dissolution of the USSR, the KGB was split into the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation. The **Yalta Conference**, sometimes called the **Crimea Conference** and codenamed the **Argonaut Conference**, held February 4–11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea. The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some extent, it has remained controversial. Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three. It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Stalin, Churchill (who was replaced midpoint by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee) and Harry S Truman, who had replaced the late President Roosevelt. Considered to be the "Father of the Hydrogen Bomb". He was a American physicist that worked in making the hydrogen bomb during the Manhattan Project in its early stages of <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">. I n his later years, Teller became especially known for his advocacy of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including a plan to excavate an artificial harbor in Alaska using thermonuclear explosive in what was called [|Project Chariot]. No one knows, weather is better on the west coast. The **Security Council** is the United Nations' most powerful body, with "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and **security**." Five powerful countries sit as "permanent members" along with ten elected members with two-year terms.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Killough) - **European Economic Community
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(King) - **European Union
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Knox) - **NAFTA
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Kossia) - **Mikhail Gorbachev
 * Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Laughlin) - **Boris Yeltsin- Former Russian president. He was the first president of the Russian Federation serving from 1991-1999. At first he was a chairman of the Russian SupremeSoviet and in 1991 he was elected into office by popular vote. He was reelected in 1996 when he ran against Gennady Zyuganov from the renewed Communist Party. He vowed to transform Russia's socialist command economy into a free market economy and started economic shock therapy, price liberalization and privatization programs.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, J.) - **CIA
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, K.) - **KGB
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Linton) - **Yalta Conference
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Looney) - **Operation Castle
 * United States series of high-yield nuclear tests
 * By a joint task force 7
 * At Bikini Atoll (atoll in the Marshall islands)
 * joint venture between Atomic Energy Commission ( created to control the development of atomic science, Harry S. Truman signed the Atomic energy act transferring control of atomic energy from military to civilians) and the Department of Defenses (executive department of government in the United states)
 * goal was to test designs for an aircraft deliverable thermonuclear weapon
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Macneill) - **Robert Oppenheimer ( 1904 - 1967) - Oppenheimer was one of the theoretical physicists that worked on the Manhattan Project, sometimes being referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb". He also made various contributions to physics such as making the first prediction of quantum tunneling, and bettering our understanding of neutron stars and black holes. His brother was Frank Oppenheimer, a particle physicist who also made contributions to the Manhattan Project.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Martinez) - **Edward Teller
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Review Questions: **
 * (King) - ** What was the importance of the Atlantic Charter?
 * (Knox) - ** The United Nations initially met in San Francisco. What were the circumstances that led to the move to New York City?
 * (Kossia) - ** What is the Security Council, and how does it impact global collective security.

They basically check the power of nations.

-The Berlin Blockade: the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under allied control. Their goal was to force the West to allow the soviet's to feed all of Berlin so they basically get control over the whole city. <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> and Famine spread like wildfire and so did violence.
 * (Laughlin) - ** The post war division of Germany (and Berlin) had a number of different consequences. What were they?


 * (Lee, J.) - ** Why did the Soviet Union blockade Berlin in the 1940s?

During the Cold War, specifically during the multinational occupation of post-WWII Germany, Berlin was divided between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. From June 1948 to May 1949, the Soviet Union blocked the Allie’s railway, road, and canal access to their sectors of Berlin. Their goal was to force the Allies into allowing the Soviet zone to supply food, fuel, and other necessities, thereby giving Soviets total control over Berlin. However, this plan ultimately failed because the Allies responded with the Berlin Airlift, which supplied their sectors of Berlin with supplies and was widely successful.

Containment and Detente were the major policies.
 * (Lee, K.) - ** What policy was instituted by the United States in relation to the perceived global advancement of communism by the Soviet Union?

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback.

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The word containment is associated most strongly with the policies of U.S. President Harry Truman (1945–53), including the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual defense pact. Although President Dwight Eisenhower (1953–61) toyed with the rival doctrine of rollback, he refused to intervene in the Hungarian Uprising of 1956. President Lyndon Johnson (1963–69) cited containment as a justification for his policies in Vietnam. President Richard Nixon (1969–74), working with advisor Henry Kissinger, followed a policy called détente, or relaxation of tensions. This involved expanded trade and cultural contacts, as well as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">President Jimmy Carter (1977–81) at first emphasized human rights rather than anti-communism. He dropped this stance and returned to containment when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979. President Ronald Reagan (1981–89), denouncing the Soviet state as an "evil empire", escalated the Cold War and promoted rollback in Nicaragua and Afghanistan. Central programs begun under containment, including NATO and nuclear deterrence, remained in effect even after the end of the cold war.

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Détente is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation.The term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a 'thawing out' or 'un-freezing' at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The period was characterized by the signing of treaties such as the SALT I and the Helsinki Accords. A second Arms-Limitation Treaty, SALT II, was discussed but never ratified by the United States. There is still ongoing debate amongst historians as to how successful the détente period was in achieving peace.

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">After the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the two superpowers agreed to install a direct hotline between Washington D.C. and Moscow (the so-called red telephone), enabling leaders of both countries to quickly interact with each other in a time of urgency, and reduce the chances that future crises could escalate into an all-out war. The U.S./U.S.S.R. détente was presented as an applied extension of that thinking. The SALT II pact of the late 1970s continued the work off the SALT I talks, ensuring further reduction in arms by the Soviets and by the US. The Helsinki Accords, in which the Soviets promised to grant free elections in Europe, has been called a major concession to ensure peace by the Soviets.

<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Détente ended after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, which led to the United States boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. Ronald Reagan's election as president in 1980, based in large part on an anti-détente campaign, marked the close of détente and a return to Cold War tensions. In his first press conference, president Reagan said "'Détente' has been a one-way street that the Soviet Union has used to pursue its aims."

An Atomic bomb is a weapon whose explosive output is from fission reactions. The energy comes from the nucleus of the atom. A mass fissile material is assembled into a supercritical mass ( the amount if material needed to start a growing nuclear reaction). The Hydrogen bomb is a type of Fusion weapon. Also called Thermonuclear weapon the hydrogen bomb relies on the fusion reactions between isotopes of hydrogen. Fusion reactions can trigger other fusion reactions.
 * (Linton) - ** What is Mutual Assured Destruction?
 * (Looney) - ** What is the difference between an #|atomic bomb and a hydrogen bomb?
 * (Macneill) - ** What was Operation Castle? Why was this test considered to be the worst radiological disaster in American history? Operation Castle was a series of seven nuclear test in the Bikini Atoll. Due to miscalculations, Bravo, the first bomb they tested, exploded with twice the expected force. Many of the islands nearby were contaminated by the radiation, and those directly exposed to the blast experienced health problems later on in life.
 * (Martinez) - ** How did the Inter - #|Continental Ballistic Missile change warfare?

The course taken by ballistic missiles has two significant desirable properties. First the long free flight period provides ballistic missiles far greater range than world otherwise be possible for missiles of their size. Powered rocket flight over thousands of kilometers would require vastly greater amounts of fuel, making the launch vehicles larger and easier to detect and intercept. Powered missiles that can cover similar amounts of range such as cruise missiles do not use rocket motors for the majority of their flight, instead using more economical jet engines. Despite this, cruise missiles have not made ballistic missiles obsolete due to the second major advantage. Ballistic missiles can travel extremely quickly across their flight path. It is believed that an ICBM would be able to strike a target anywhere in its range (potentially up to 10,000 km) within 30 minutes. With terminal speeds of over 5000 m/s, ballistic missiles are radically harder to intercept than cruise missiles due to the massively reduced time available to intercept them. This is why despite cruise missiles being cheaper, more mobile and more versatile, ballistic missiles are some of the most feared weapons available.

If they saw anything they could stop what they were doing and duck behind something just in case something were to pop up.
 * (Matafadi) - ** How effective would strategies like bomb shelters and “duck and cover” have been in the event of a nuclear attack?
 * (McCutchan) - ** What was the significance of NATO, and why was it created?

NATO was significant because it created the first multilateral military alliance to span the North Atlantic Ocean in time of peace, it signified the military movement of the United States on Policy of Containment, and its creation symbolized the beginning of the US military movement against the Soviet Union. NATO ensured that the US was permanently aligned and attached to the affairs of Europe thus US isolationism ceased to exist anymore. As a result, the Soviet Union counterattacked the pact by creating their own pact, Warsaw Pact in 1953, with Satellite states as members. NATO was created as a counterweight to the Soviet Armies stationed in central and Eastern Europe after WWII.

The formation of the Warsaw Pact was in some ways a response to the creation of NATO, although it did not occur until six years after the Western alliance came into being. It was more directly inspired by the rearming of West Germany and its admission into NATO in 1955. In the aftermath of World War I and World War II, Soviet leaders felt very apprehensive about Germany once again becoming a military power–a concern that was shared by many European nations on both sides of the Cold War divide.
 * (Measom) - ** What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

West Germany formally joined NATO on May 5, 1955, and the Warsaw Pact was signed less than two weeks later, on May 14. Joining the USSR in the alliance were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Poland and Romania. This lineup remained constant until the Cold War ended with the dismantling of all the Communist governments in Eastern Europe in 1989 and 1990. Like NATO, the Warsaw Pact focused on the objective of creating a coordinated defense among its member nations in order to deter an enemy attack. There was also an internal security component to the agreement that proved useful to the USSR. The alliance provided a mechanism for the Soviets to exercise even tighter control over the other Communist states in Eastern Europe and deter pact members from seeking greater autonomy. When Soviet leaders found it necessary to use military force to put down revolts in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Countries that were considered to be in the Non-Aligned Nations, nations that refused to part take in an alliance with the Soviet Union or The United States, were Yugoslavia, India, Ghana, Pakistan, Algeria, Libya, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba, Columbia, Venezuela, and for a while the People's Republic of China. Rebel groups began to form in the early 1950s due to corrupt leader Fulgencio Batista. He was finally overthrown in 1959 and replaced by a new Communist leader, Fidel Castro. This new leadership caused a coalition with the USSR however and hidden atomic bombs near the US. This Cuban Missile Crisis caused extra tension between the US and USSR but was then resolved once the bombs were taken out of Cuba in exchange for US bombs being taken out of Turkey. Both countries reducing their nuclear arsenals is often refer to the term "Nuclear Disarmament". Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Thus, benefiting from the happy reality that the Cold War was over, each country felt free to cut its arsenal, whether or not the other committed itself to do so. The 2002 Moscow Treaty, which simply made legally binding the reduction pledges each president had already announced, was negotiated as a friendly gesture to Russia. U.S. officials did not see it as a strategic necessity, but Mr. Putin wanted formal acknowledgment that Russia retained nuclear-arms parity with the U.S., though it could no longer be seen as America's peer overall.
 * (Mendez) - ** In what other political/military organizations (that bore similarities to NATO) was the United States participate? Leauge of Nations, allied powers, United nations,
 * (Monteith) - ** How did the Cold War play out in other parts of the globe – i.e. Latin America, Subsaharan Africa, East and South East Asia?
 * (Moreno) - ** What countries were considered to be part of a group known as the Non - Aligned Nations?
 * (Nachtergaele) - ** How did the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis of the 1960s.
 * (Nguyen, N.) - ** How did the United States and the Soviet Union go about the process of reducing their nuclear arsenals?

More commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the NPT is an international treaty that was created to stop the use of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote the use of nuclear energy peacefully, and to have complete nuclear disarmament. The NPT went into effect in 1970 and was extended in 1995. The treaty recognizes The US, Russia, the UK, France, and China as nuclear weapon states and the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
 * (Nguyen, T.) - ** What was the Nuclear Non - Proliferation Treaty?
 * (Nugen) - ** What was the Anti - Ballastic Missile Treaty?
 * (Olmos) - ** During the Nixon Administration, the United States adopted a policy called Détente in relation to the Soviet Union. What is Détente? Detente was the easing of Geo-political tensions between Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969. It was a foreign policy of the U.S presidents Nixon and Ford.
 * (Phillips) - ** Henry Kissinger attempted to create a three way balance of power during the last half of the twentieth century between the US, USSR, and the PRC. How successful was he.


 * (Ponce) - ** What’s a proxy war? A proxy war is a conflict where third parties fight on the behalf of more powerful parties. The large world powers had their colonies or allies fighting rather than fighting the wars themselves. It is most common during cold wars. Some examples are Vietnam, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Korean War, Bay of Pigs invasion, War in Afghanistan, and even the American Revolutionary War amongst many others.


 * (Raison) - ** What are the similarities between the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? --- Mainly, they were all "policing actions", designed to contain, but not invade or occupy. They ask disputed American brute force operations as well.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif;"> Proxy wars were common in the Cold War, because the two nuclear-armed superpowers (the Soviet Union and the United States) did not wish to fight each other directly, since that would have run the risk of escalation to a nuclear war (see mutual assured destruction). Proxies were used in conflicts in Afghanistan, Angola, Korea, Vietnam, the Middle East, and Latin America. The first proxy war in the Cold War was the Greek Civil War, which started almost as soon as World War II ended. The Western-allied Greek government was nearly overthrown by Communist rebels with limited direct aid from Soviet ally or client states in Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria. The Greek Communists managed to seize most of Greece, but a strong government counterattack forced them back. The Western Allies eventually won, due largely to an ideological split between Stalin and Tito. Though previously allied to the rebels, Tito closed Yugoslavia's borders to ELAS partisans when Greek Communists sided with Stalin, despite the lack of direct material support from the USSR. Albania followed Tito's lead shortly thereafter. With no way to get aid, the rebellion collapsed. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif;">In the Korean War, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China aided the Communists in North Korea against the US-led United Nations forces. The Soviet Union did not enter the war directly, though it was alleged that the Soviets had sent pilots to fly MiG 15s for the Communists. China, however, did enter the war directly and sent thousands of 'volunteers' in 1950 preventing the U.N. coalition from defeating the Communist government of the north.
 * (Rajpurohit) - ** What were the proxy wars fought between the US and USSR after World War II? -


 * (Rebotee) - **How does the Space Race factor into the Cold War?

The Cold War was a battle between the world's two great powers-the democratic, capitalist US and the communist USSR. The Space Race was just another arena for this competition. The two countries tried to prove their superiority with each other by advancing in the Space Race


 * (Redburn) - ** What were the difficulties encountered by NASA as it attempted to meet President Kennedy’s goal of landing a man on the moon before the end of the decade?

Many people have expressed their amazement that not only was the goal of landing a man on the Moon achieved, but that it was achieved in only 8 years, as Kennedy said it should. This is however, ignoring the fact that at the time Kennedy made his statement NASA already had in the pipeline over nine different Moon landing flight plans in a project they had named 'Apollo'. They were already designing a huge Moon booster called 'Nova', that was to generate 40 million pounds of thrust, and were already considering various methods for landing a man on the Moon. At the the time of Kennedy's speech however, NASA were concentrating not so much on landing a man on the moon but on just putting a manned craft around it. Kennedy's speech changed all that. Had NASA not been put under pressure to meet Kennedy's deadline, they would have chosen a far different approach to land a man on the Moon than the one used. It was originally hoped to do it stage by stage using a permanent Earth orbiting station that would make future flights a lot easier, but instead had to settle for a 'one time' system to meet the deadline. With the new system going from launch pad, to orbit, to the Moon and back, using disposable components, it was possible to achieve within the time frame, but it meant each mission was a 'one off' and contributed nothing towards the overall mission plan that could be used by following Moon flights.


 * many failed flights
 * In 1961 when Kennedy made his now famous pledge to land a man on the Moon, the USA had only 15 minutes piloted spaceflight experience and only 5 minutes of that was in space.
 * they had 3 theoretical ways of landing on the moon, and had to test and make predictions for each
 * very little experience with manned, and even robotic flights in space.
 * The Apollo 1 disaster revealed carelessness and bad workmanship in design and production. The program was delayed while modifications were made.
 * overall expense of the project itself
 * I didn't get all of them, but I think I was able to hit several of the major problems.**

SALT Treaties limited the increase of strategic offensive weapons at a time when both US and USSR were rapidly inclreasing their inventory. START Treaties are agreements to actually reduce the number of nuclear weapons held by each country The U.S. held the advantage in number of nuclear warheads during the beginning half of the Cold War, but after the Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviet Union, realizing their disadvantage, stepped up production.
 * (Rivers) - ** What was the SALT Treaty? How does it differ from the START Treaty?-
 * (Romero) - What is an ICBM? How does it alter strategy in the nuclear age? ** An ICBM is an intercontinental ballistic missile that has a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers, which was primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. The development of the world's first practical design for an ICBM intended for the use in bombing New York and American cities, undertaken in Nazi Germany. It was initially supposed to be guided by radio, but was changed to be a piloted craft. It altered strategy in the nuclear age, because once word got out of the ICBM each branch of the US military started its own programs, leading to considerable duplication of effort. This weapon could wipe out entire cities and that made whoever have an ICBM dangerous.
 * (Rue) - ** How large were the arsenals of the nuclear powers during the Cold War?


 * (Russell) - ** What factors brought about the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, and the demise of the Soviet Union? -- **'http://fut** ure.state.gov **/when/timeline/1969_de** tente/fa **ll_of_communism.html** (This link gives a really nice, easy understanding of some of this stuff!)

Summed up: The collapse of the Berlin wall in 1989 and rise in western germany's population.

Reformation groups completely ignoring communist regime and making their own until Poland's government had to acknowledge it.

Czechs and Slovaks took to the streets to demand political reforms in Czechoslovakia after Berlin wall collapse.

Revolutions of 1989 is the complete fall: Gorbachev gave power to Boris Yeltsin.'