World+War+I

=**Directions ** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier. = = Identification: = Bosnian Serb who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and essentially set off the events that led to WWI Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov was born near St Petersburg on 18 May 1868, the eldest son of Tsar Alexander III. When he succeeded his father in 1894, he had very little experience of government. In the same year, Nicholas married Princess Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt (a duchy in Germany). They had four daughters and a son, Alexis, who suffered from the disease haemophilia. Alexandra was the dominant personality in their relationship and encouraged the weaker Nicholas's autocratic tendencies. He mistrusted most of his ministers and yet was incapable of carrying out the task of ruling the vast Russian empire alone. Determined that Russia should not be left out in the scramble for colonial possessions, Nicholas encouraged Russian expansion in Manchuria. This provoked war with Japan in 1904. The resulting Russian defeat led to strikes and riots. In January 1905, on 'Bloody Sunday', the army in St Petersburg shot at a crowd demanding radical reforms. Opposition to the tsar grew and Nicholas was forced to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, the Duma. Nicholas's concessions were only limited. Changes were made in the voting laws to prevent the election of radicals and the secret police continued to crush opposition. However, the Duma did give many more people, especially the middle classes, a voice in government. The outbreak of World War One in 1914 temporarily strengthened the monarchy, with Russia allied to France and Britain against Austria-Hungary and Germany. In mid-1915 Nicholas made the disastrous decision to take direct command of the Russian armies. From then on, every military failure was directly associated with him. With Nicholas often away, Alexandra took a more active role in government. Russia was suffering heavy losses in the war, there was high inflation and severe food shortages at home, which compounded the grinding poverty most Russians already endured. German-born Alexandra soon became the focus of discontent, as did her confidante, the mystic, Rasputin, who had been at court since 1905 and had gained great influence through his apparent ability to treat the haemophilia of Alexis, the heir to the throne. In December 1916, Rasputin was murdered by a group of disaffected nobles. Then in February 1917, widespread popular demonstrations began in the capital Petrograd (as St Petersburg was renamed in 1914). Nicholas lost the support of the army and had no alternative but to abdicate. A shaky provisional <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> was established. The tsar and his family were held in various locations, eventually being imprisoned in Yekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government. Following a harsh peace treaty with Germany in March 1918, Russia descended into civil war. On 17 July 1918, as anti-Bolsheviks approached Yekaterinburg, Nicholas and his <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> were executed. This was almost certainly on the orders of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin.
 * wQuestions for The #|Great War **
 * AP European History **
 * (Rue) - **Gavrilo Princip
 * (Russell) - **Archduke Franz Ferdinand -- ** ' The archduke of Austria**, and from 1889, the heir to the Austro-hungarian throne. **He was assassinated by a Serbian in sarajevo; this was one of the events that led to the start of ww1** (because Austria declared war on Serbia, and germany allied with austria while the allies allied with serbia).'
 * (Schaefer) - **Kaiser Wilhelm-He was the last German Emperor(or Kaiser) and King of Prussia(no fancy name for that position) and ruled Prussia and the German Empire from 15 June 1888 to the end of World War 1 in 1918. He was the eldest grandson of Queen Victoria(British) and was related to many of uropean monarchs and princes, with three notable relationships being his first cousins with King George V of the United Kingdom, founder of the House of Windsor, Marie of Romania, Queen consort of Romania and the Czarina Alix of Hesse, consort of his second cousin Tsar Nicholas II of the House of Romanov. He dismissed Otto Van Bismarck in 1890 and set Germany on the "New Course", however, since he was an ineffective wartime leader, he lost support of his army, abdicated in November of 1918, and fled to the Netherlands in exile.
 * (Schrop) - **Nicholas II
 * (Siraphet) - **George V - (June 3, 1865 - January 20, 1936) Was the King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India. He was a grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince and the first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. From 1914 to 1918, the British Empire, with its allies, were facing war against the Central Powers, led by the German Empire. It was during this time where in July 17, 1917, George V changed the name of the British royal house from the German sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor to appease British nationalist feeling during the Great War. Also, with the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British offered political asylum to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's cousin, and his family, but was not fulfilled due to the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the war, the plan was never put into operation. The Tsar and his immediate family remained in Russia, where they were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918. With growing nationalistic feelings arousing the Ireland, George V gave Irish independence in 1922.
 * (Sjostrom) - **Woodrow Wilson
 * Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U.S. resident, led America through World War I and crafted the Versailles Treaty's "Fourteen Points," the last of which was creating a League of Nations to ensure world peace. Wilson also created the Federal Reserve and signed the 19th Amendment, allowing women to vote.
 * Was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts.
 * Was a friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. He had the role but not the official title of the first Senate Majority Leader.
 * He was strict on foreign <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] ( is he by any chance related to John Boehner) and did not agree the united states entering WWI and the terms saying that Germany should be punished more severely as to that it doesn’t try to do any funny business any more
 * Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and blocked Lodge's move to ratify the treaty with reservations.
 * (Tellez) - **Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge-
 * Was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts.
 * Was a friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. He had the role but not the official title of the first Senate Majority Leader.
 * He was strict on foreign policy( is he by any chance related to John Boehner) and did not agree the united states entering WWI and the terms saying that Germany should be punished more severely as to that it doesn’t try to do any funny business any more
 * Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and blocked Lodge's move to ratify the treaty with reservations.

[[image:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-12586yFNAIY/TxZBa4HwsoI/AAAAAAAAAM0/1zqv7bfdB8s/s1600/Lodge.jpg]] look at that mustache!!!!!
- **Germany had to fight the French on the western front and the Russians on the eastern.** **- Obviously its extremely difficult to fight two opponents on both sides of your country so Count Alfred von Schlieffen came up with the Schlieffen plan (and later was modified by** **Helmuth von Moltke the Younger).** - **The Schlieffen plan took advantage of Russia's slowness of mobilizing to the eastern front and concentrated their forces on the western front to quickly defeat the French and capture Paris then turn around, ship everybody across Germany, and fight the Russians on the eastern front.** **- The plan ultimately failed due to France holding up longer than expected and the Russians mobilizing in less than 6 weeks, quicker than expected.**
 * (Theisen) - **Schlieffen Plan

The American Expeditionary Force was the combined force of the United States Army and <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> Corps to Western Europe in 1917 and 1918. The force consisted of around 4,000,000 troops and was commanded by General John J. Pershing of the U.S Army. The AEF fought in the Spring Offensive and Hundred Days' Offensive. Later, the AEF was also sent to Siberia in an effort to help the White Army in the Russian Civil War as a precursor to the policy of Containment that would later try to combat the spread of Communism after WWI and WWII. The AEF was active from 1917 to late 1919. The British Expeditionary Force or BEF was the force sent to the Western Front during the First World War. Planning for a British Expeditionary Force began with the Haldane reforms of the British Army carried out by the Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War (1899–1902). The term "British Expeditionary Force" is often used to refer only to the forces present in France prior to the end of the First Battle of Ypres on 22 November 1914. By the end of 1914—after the battles of Mons, the Le Cateau, the Aisne and Ypres—the old regular British army had been wiped out, although it managed to help stop the German advance. An alternative endpoint of the BEF was 26 December 1914, when it was divided into the First and Second Armies. The B.E.F. remained the official name of the British Army in France and Flanders throughout the First World War. The first battle of Marne refers to the first battle of the First World War which was fought between the 5th and 12th of September. This war was as a result of France and the United Kingdom responding to the German offensive. This war was fought along the Marne river hence the name. This was a result of the shlieffen plan, to sweep france while avoiding large cities. The First Battle of Ypres, also called the First Battle of Flanders (French: 1re Bataille des Flandres German: Erste Flandernschlacht), was a First World War battle fought for the strategically important town of Ypres in western Belgium in October and November 1914. The German and Western Allied attempts to secure the town from enemy occupation included a series of further battles in and around the West Flanders Belgian municipality.
 * (Thomas) - **Plan XVII
 * Plan XVII was the name of a "scheme of mobilization and concentration" that was adopted by the French General Staff in 1913. It was created in case a war between France and occurred. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), the French militaryhad to fight the French on the western front and the Russians on the eastern. -Obviously its extremely difficult to fight two opponents on both sides of your country so Count Alfred von Schlieffen came up adapt to a new balance of powers in Europe and their power was seriously weakened. In 1913 Joffre presented Plan XVII, and unlike the previous plans it was a plan of concentration but did not include a fixed military strategy, which remained flexible to permit an offensive in Belgium or Lorraine. When Germany declared war in 1914, France began the execution of Plan XVIIthe Schlieffen plan (and later five initiatives, now know as the Battle of the Frontiers: Battle of Mulhouse, Battle of Loraine, Battle of the Ardennes, Battle of Charleroi, & Battle of Mons. Plan XVIImodified by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger). The Schlieffen plan took advantage of Russia's slowness of mobilizing to the eastern front and concentrated their forces on the western front to quickly defeat the French and capture Paris then turn around, ship everybody across Germany, and fight the Russians on the eastern front. - The plan ultimately failed due to France holding up longer than expected and the Russians mobilizing in less than 6 weeks, quicker implemented as an offensive into Alsace-Lorraine, but the German defense of Alsace-Lorraine turned out to be much better than expected. August, 1914Illustration from Neil Demarco's The Great War September, 1914Illustration from Neil Demarco's The Great War Joffre was able to reorganize his armies across France only because the German attack ran out of steam.was with Germany **
 * (#|Weiss) - **AEF
 * (Wieland) - **BEF
 * (Xia) - **1st Battle of the Marne-
 * (Yakubek) - **Battle of Ypres:

The strategy of both the Allied and German armies is not entirely clear. The accepted and mainstream reasoning for the Ypres battle was the British desire to secure the English Channel ports and the British Army's supply lines; Ypres was the last major obstacle to the German advance on Boulogne-sur-Mer and Calais. The French strategy was to prevent German forces from outflanking the Allied front from the north. This was the last major German option, after their defeats at the First Battle of the Aisne and First Battle of the Marne. The Ypres campaign became the culmination of the Race to the Sea. The opposing armies engaged in offensive operations until a big German offensive in mid-October, which forced the Allies onto the strategic defensive and limited to counter-attacks.

The battle highlighted problems in command and control for both sides, with each side missing opportunities to obtain a decisive victory. The Germans in particular overestimated the numbers and strength of the Allied defences at Ypres and called off their last offensive too early. The battle was also significant as it witnessed the destruction of the highly experienced and trained British regular army. Having suffered enormous losses for its small size, "The Old Contemptibles" disappeared, to be replaced by fresh reserves which eventually turned into a mass conscripted army to match its allies and enemies. The result was a victory for the Allies, although losses were particularly heavy on both sides. The battle completed the entrenchments of the "race to the sea" and inaugurated the static western front. Mobile operations would not resume until 1918.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Second Battle of Ypres was a battle of the First World War fought from 21 April – 25 May 1915 for control of the strategic Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium, following the First Battle of Ypres the previous autumn. It marked the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front. For the first time a former colonial force (the 1st Canadian Division) defeated a European power (the German Empire) on European soil, in the Battle of St. Julien and the Battle of Kitcheners' Wood.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Anthony) - **Verdun
 * The battle had begun on February 21, after the Germans—led by Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn—developed a plan to attack the fortress city of Verdun, on the Meuse River in France. Falkenhayn believed that the French army was more vulnerable than the British, and that a major defeat on the Western Front would push the Allies to open peace negotiations. The war became a bloody stalemate. Among the weapons in the German arsenal was the newly-invented flamethrower and the use of phosgene and chlorine gas by the Germans. As fighting at Verdun stretched on and on, German resources were stretched thinner by having to confront both a British-led offensive on the Somme River and Russia's Brusilov Offensive on the Eastern Front. In July, the Kaiser, frustrated by the state of things at Verdun, removed Falkenhayn and sent him to command the 9th Army in Transylvania; Paul von Hindenburg took his place. By early December, under Robert Nivelle, the French had managed to recapture much of their lost territory, and in the last three days of battle took 11,000 German prisoners before Hindenburg finally called a stop to the German attacks. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Arellano) - **The Somme was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on either side of the River Somme in France. The battle was one of the largest of World War I, in which more than 1,000,000 men were wounded or killed, making it one of humanity's bloodiest battles. The battle is notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the tank.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Baker) - **Chateau Thierry
 * A commune in northern France about 56 miles (90 km) east-northeast of Paris.
 * The Battle of Chateau-Thierry was fought on July 18, 1918 and was one of the first actions of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing during WWI.
 * On the morning of 18 July 1918, the French and American forces between Fontenoy and Chateau-Thierry launched a counter-assault under the overall direction of Allied généralissime Ferdinand Foch against the German positions.
 * The American army played the larger role fighting for the regions around Soissons and Chateau-Thierry.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Barner) - **Belleau Woode
 * lasted from June 1-June 26 1918
 * was a battle between the U.S and Germany
 * took the U.S marines 6 times of entering the woods that the Germans were stationed in before they successfully expelled
 * resulted in a Allied victory (U.S, French, etc.)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Bassett) - **Gallipoli- it is a peninsula in the ottoman empire that is very beautiful and Is the second most vital city in the ottoman empire besides constantinipple. This is significant because in world war 1, The brits wanted to get a strategic position on the ottomans and the germans, so they decided to attack this peninsula so that they had control of Constantinople and the under carriage of Germany.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Bates) - **Tannenburg - The Battle of Tannenberg took place on the eastern front in WW1. It was fought between Russia's Second Army, and German's Eighth army during the August of 1914. Alexander Samsonov, and Paul von Rennenkampf were the Russian leaders during the battle. Paul von Hindenburg, Erich Ludendorff, Max Hoffmann, and Hermann von Francois were the leaders of the German Army. The battle lasted four days between August 26 and 30. The end result was a crushing defeat opf the Russians with 78,000 killed or wounded, and 92,000 captured as prisoners of war. Where as between 10,000-15,000 Germans were killed or wounded, a seventh of the casualties the Russians suffered.

The two Russian generals disliked each other greatly and it was rumoured that they'd come to blows at a railway station although that has since been proven false. Russia had the larger army even though Rennenkampf had decided to delay the Firt Army's attempt to regroup with the Second Army.

With information gathered by tapping into uncoded telegraphic messages between the Russians the Germans were able to create a plan to stop their advance toward the city of Konigsberg. Hoffman proposed a rather risky move in placing most of the German forces in the eastern portion of Konigsberg's defenses.

In the early parts of the battle Russia was winning and succesfully pushed the Germans back in many places. However the night before the true battle began the Germans intercepted the battle plans for the next day. Francois opened fire on the Russians with artillery on the 27th and everything went down hill for the Russians after that. By the time the First Army had been ordered to get over to the Second Army and help it was too late. By the time the battle was over the nearest Russian unit was somewhere like 43 miles away from the trapped second army. On August 30th the Russians surrendered, the Germans captured not only 92,000 Russians but also 350 Russian artillery guns, it took sixty trains to move all the captured Russian equipment back to Germany.

The **Battles of the Isonzo** were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia, and the remainder in Italy along the Isonzo River on the eastern sector of the Italian Front between June 1915 and November 1917. (also known as the **Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo** or the **Battle of Karfreit** as it was known by the Central Powers), took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid (now in north-western Slovenia, then part of the Austrian Littoral), on the Austro-Italian front of World War I. The battle was named after the Italian name of the town of Kobarid (known as //Karfreit// in German). Austro-Hungarian forces, reinforced by German units, were able to break into the Italian front line and rout the Italian army, which had practically no mobile reserves. The battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier. The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army.[3home]
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Benavides) - **Meuse - Argonne Offensive
 * also known as Maas-Argonne Offensive and Battle of the Argonne Forest
 * fought from September 26, 1918, until Armistice on November 11, a total of 47 days.
 * part of the final Allied offensive of World War I (stretched along the entire Western Front)
 * largest in United States military history, involving 1.2 million American soldiers
 * one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end.
 * The Meuse-Argonne was the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces during the First World War.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Boboy) - **Race to the Sea- The Race to the Sea took place from about September 17– October 19,1914, after the Battle of the Frontiers ( August 7– September 13) and the German advance into France, which had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne ( September 5-12) and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne (September 13 – September 28), a Franco-British counter-offensive. The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies, to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through Picardy, Artois and Flanders, rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea. The "race" ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium around October 19, when the last open area from Dixmude to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops, who had been withdrawn from the Siege of Antwerp ( September 28– October 10). The outflanking attempts had resulted in a number of encounter battles but neither side was able to gain a decisive victory.After the opposing forces had reached the North Sea, both tried to conduct offensives, which led to the mutually costly and indecisive Battle of the Yser ( October 16– November 2) and the First Battle of Ypres (October 19 – November 22). After mid-November, local operations were carried out by both sides, to improve their tactical position and preparations were made to take the offensive in the spring of 1915.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Boyer) - **Battle of the Isonzo
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Bratcher) - **Battle of Capporetto
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Brinlee) - **Georges Clemenceau -

<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Georges Benjamin Clemenceau <span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was the French Prime Minister who led France into the First World War. He played a central role in politics during the Third Republic and served as the <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. He was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Clemenceau was nicknamed "Père la Victoire" (Father Victory) or "Le Tigre" (The Tiger) because of his harsh position against defeated Germany. Through the Treaty of Versailles, Clemenceau and President [|Poincaré] <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> won their agreement on Germany's payment of large sums for the rebuilding of Europe.

As [|Chancellor of the Exchequer] (1908–1915), Lloyd George was a key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern [|welfare state]. His most important role came as the highly energetic Prime Minister of the [|Wartime Coalition] Government (1916–22), during and immediately after the [|First World War]. He was a major player at the [|Paris Peace Conference] of 1919 that reordered Europe after the defeat of Germany in the Great War. He arguably made a greater impact on British public life than any other 20th-century leader, thanks to his pre-war introduction of Britain's <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> system, his leadership in winning the war, his post-war role in reshaping Europe and his [|partitioning Ireland] (between the [|Irish Free State] and [|Northern Ireland] which remained part of the UK). He was the last [|Liberal] to serve as Prime Minister. <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> support for the coalition premiership was mostly from Conservatives rather his own Liberals. The Liberal split led to the permanent decline of that party as a serious political force. Although he became leader of the Liberal Party in the late 1920s, he was unable to regain power, and by the 1930s he was a marginalised and widely mistrusted figure. In the Second World War he was known for defeatism. Although many [|barristers] have been Prime Minister, Lloyd George is to date the only [|solicitor] to have held that office.He is also so far the only British Prime Minister to have been [|Welsh] and to have spoken English as a second language.He was voted the [|third greatest] British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by [|MORI], and in 2002 he was named among the [|100 Greatest Britons] following a UK-wide vote.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Brown) - **David Lloyd - George--
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Cardoza) - **Vittorio Orlando
 * In office as the 23rd Prime Minister of Italy from October 29, 1917 to June 23, 1919
 * In office for President of the Italian Chamber of Desputes from December 1, 1919 to June 25, 1920 and agin in July 15, 1944 to June 25, 1946
 * Born: May 19, 1860
 * Died: at age 92 on December 1, 1952
 * One of the Big Four leader in the world order after the Great War
 * Other thank in politics he is also known being a law professor and for his writing on legal and judicial issues

Viewing Germany as the chief instigator of the conflict, the European Allied Powers decided to impose particularly stringent treaty obligations upon the defeated Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, presented for German leaders to sign on May 7, 1919, forced Germany to concede territories to Belgium (Eupen-Malmédy), Czechoslovakia (the Hultschin district), and Poland (Poznan [German: Posen], West Prussia and Upper Silesia). The Germans returned Alsace and Lorraine, annexed in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War, to France. All German overseas colonies became League of Nation Mandates, and the city of Danzig (today: Gdansk), with its large ethnically German population, became a Free City. The treaty demanded demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland, and special status for the Saarland under French control. Plebiscites were to determine the future of areas in northern Schleswig on the Danish-German frontier and parts of Upper Silesia on the border with Poland. Perhaps the most humiliating portion of the treaty for defeated Germany was Article 231, commonly known as the "War Guilt Clause," which forced the German nation to accept complete responsibility for initiating World War I. As such Germany was liable for all material damages, and France's premier Georges Clemenceau particularly insisted on imposing enormous reparation payments. Aware that Germany would probably not be able to pay such a towering debt, Clemenceau and the French nevertheless greatly feared rapid German recovery and the initiation of a new war against France. Hence, the French sought in the postwar treaty to limit Germany's potential to regain its economic superiority and to rearm. The German army was to be limited to 100,000 men, and conscription proscribed; the treaty restricted the Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with a ban on the acquisition or maintenance of a submarine fleet.Moreover, Germany was forbidden to maintain an air force. Finally, Germany was required to conduct war crimes proceedings against the Kaiser and other leaders for waging aggressive war. The subsequent Leipzig Trials, without the Kaiser or other significant national leaders in the dock, resulted largely in acquittals and were widely perceived as a sham, even in Germany.The newly formed German democratic government saw the Versailles Treaty as a “dictated peace” (Diktat). Although France, which had suffered more materially than the other parties in the “Big Four,” had insisted upon harsh terms, the peace treaty did not ultimately help to settle the international disputes which had initiated World War I. On the contrary, it tended to hinder inter-European cooperation and make more fractious the underlying issues which had caused the war in the first place. The dreadful sacrifices of war and tremendous loss of life, suffered on all sides, weighed heavily not only upon the losers of the conflict, but also upon those combatants on the winning side, like Italy, whose postwar spoils seemed incommensurate with the terrible price each nation had paid in blood and material goods.For the populations of the defeated powers—Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria—the respective peace treaties appeared an unfair punishment, and their governments, whether democratic as in Germany or Austria, or authoritarian, in the case of Hungary and Bulgaria, quickly resorted to violating the military and financial terms of the accords. Efforts to revise and defy the more burdensome provisions of the peace became a key element in their respective foreign policies and proved a destabilizing factor in international politics.The war guilt clause, its incumbent reparation payments, and the limitations on the German military were particularly onerous in the minds of most Germans, and revision of the Versailles Treaty represented one of the platforms that gave radical right wing parties in Germany, including Hitler's Nazi Party, such credibility to mainstream voters in the 1920s and early 1930s. Promises to rearm, to reclaim German territory, particularly in the East, to remilitarize the Rhineland, and to regain prominence again among the European and world powers after such a humiliating defeat and peace, stoked ultranationalist sentiment and helped average voters to overlook the more radical tenets of Nazi ideology.The burdensome reparations, coupled with a general inflationary period in Europe in the 1920s, caused spiraling hyperinflation of the German Reichsmark by 1923. This hyperinflationary period combined with the effects of the Great Depression (beginning in 1929) seriously to undermine the stability of the German economy, wiping out the personal savings of the middle class and spurring massive unemployment. Such economic chaos did much to increase social unrest, destabilizing the fragile Weimar Republic. Finally, the efforts of the Western European powers to marginalize Germany through the Versailles Treaty undermined and isolated German democratic leaders. Particularly deleterious in connection with the harsh provisions of Versailles was the rampant conviction among many in the general population that Germany had been “stabbed in the back” by the “November criminals”—those who had helped to form the new Weimar government and broker the peace which Germans had so desperately wanted, but which ended so disastrously in Versailles. Many Germans forgot that they had applauded the fall of the Kaiser, had initially welcomed parliamentary democratic reform, and had rejoiced at the armistice. They recalled only that the German Left—Socialists, Communists and Jews, in common imagination—had surrendered German honor to an ignominious peace when no foreign armies had even set foot on German soil. This Dolchstosslegende (stab-in-the-back legend) helped further to discredit German socialist and liberal circles who felt most committed to maintain Germany's fragile democratic experiment. The difficulties imposed by social and economic unrest in the wake of World War I and its onerous peace terms worked in tandem to undermine pluralistic democratic solutions in Weimar Germany and to increase public longing for more authoritarian direction, a kind of leadership which German voters ultimately and unfortunately found in Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party. The Treaty of London was a secret treaty signed in 1915 by The United Kingdom, France, Russia, and Italy. This Treaty was an agreement with Italy where the Italians would declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary and join the Triple Entente in exchange for territorial gains after the war in Tyrol and parts of the Balkans, such as the Dalmatian coast. This treaty was kept secret until the October revolution in Russia in 1917, where it was published. After the war Woodrow Wilson and the European leaders refused to hold up on their part of the agreement, and the treaty was nullified by the Treaty of Versailles. This ultimately led to the rise of Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1917 Germany became convinced they could defeat the Allied Forces by instituting unrestricted submarine warfare before the United States could enter the war. The Sussex pledge was therefore rescinded in January 1917, thereby initiating the decisive stage of the so-called First Battle of the Atlantic. The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram caused the United States to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On May 7, 1915, less than a year after World War I (1914-18) erupted across Europe, a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England. Of the more than 1,900 passengers and crew members on board, more than 1,100 perished, including more than 120 Americans. Nearly two years would pass before the United States formally entered World War I, but the sinking of the Lusitania played a significant role in turning public opinion against Germany, both in the United States and abroad. Winston Churchill was born into an aristocratic family and was a prominent politician in the United Kingdom for about 50 years. He was a member of the Conservative party and is the only prime minister to have won a Nobel Prize in Literature. He was at the forefront of those warning about the dangers of Nazi Germany prior to World War II and was the wartime prime minister throughout most of World War II. He was particularly noted for the eloquence and wit of his speeches and for his steadfastness and refusal to give in during the early years of the war when Britain was essentially alone in defending against Germany. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #424242; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> He went into the army at 18 and, in 1894, he was appointed to the German general staff. Here he helped revise the Schlieffen Plan, Germany's strategy for victory over France and campaigned for greater military expansion in anticipation of war. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #424242; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In March 1918, Ludendorff launched a huge, but unsuccessful, offensive on the Western Front in attempt to defeat the Allies before the arrival of American troops. In the autumn, faced with the imminent collapse of Germany's allies, he refused to accept the armistice terms demanded by the Allies and insisted the war continue. He resigned when he was overruled. After the war, Ludendorff briefly went into exile in Sweden before emerging to claim that he had been deprived of victory by sinister forces operating behind the scenes. The popularity of this legend - that the German army was undefeated in battle but sabotaged by the home front - did much to condition the country for Adolf Hitler's ascent.Ludendorf played a huge role in creating treaty of Brest-Letovsk
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Carroll) - **League of Nations -
 * Who: A group of european nations including Britain and France (Peacemakers)**
 * What: A Council that established the "International Law" (Which no one listened to b/c the LoN had no REAL power to uphold it's declarations with)**
 * Why: The LoN was created under the name of peace and harmony, but let's be honest, it was for shooting down Britain and France's rivals *cough*Russia*cough***
 * When: Just before and during WWI (1919-1946)**
 * Where: Technically International, but 75+% of the participating countries were European**
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Consolver) - **14 Points
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Coville) - **Treaty of Versailles (1919)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Craver) - **Treaty of London (1915)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Dam) - **//Sussex// #|Pledge - It was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare,allowing armed merchant ships, but not passenger ships, to be torpedoed without warning. Despite this avowed restriction, a French cross-channel passenger ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on March 24, 1916; the ship was severely damaged and about 50 lives were lost. Although no U.S. citizens were killed in this attack, it prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany. Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing, on May 4, 1916, the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy. The primary elements of this undertaking were:
 * Passenger ships would not be targeted;
 * Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship;
 * Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Davis) - **//Lusitania//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Diver) - **Winston Churchill
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Do) - **Gen. John J. Pershing
 * lived from September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948
 * was a general officer in the US Army
 * led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War 1
 * relied on costly frontal assaults
 * accused of causing unnecessarily high American casualties
 * regarded as a mentor by the generation of US army generals in World War II
 * instructor at West Point
 * led a punitive raid against the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Edward) - **Gen. Ludendorf

Douglas MacArthur born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on 26th January, 1880. In 1903 MacArthur graduated from West Piont first in his class .MacArthur was assigned to general staff duty with the War Department and was an observer with the Vera Cruz Expedition. In World War 1 MacArthur commanded the 42nd Division on the Western Front and was honored 13 times and was noted seven additional times for bravery. Promoted the the rank August, 1918, three months later he became the youngest divisional commander in France. In 1922 MacArthur was sent to the Philippines where he commanded the newly established Military District of Manila. At the age of forty-three MacArthur was the army's youngest general and in 1928 was titled resident of the American Olympic Committee. Macarthur was titled chief of staff of the US Army in 1930.Again he was the youngest man to have held the office and over the next years attempted to modernize America's army of 135,000 men.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Elizondo) - **Gen. Helmuth von Moltke
 * Helmuth von Moltke (1848-1916) was the nephew of the Prussian general Moltke the Elder, famous for important military victories against Austria in 1866 and during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.
 * Upon Alfred von Schlieffen's retirement in 1906 Moltke became Army Chief of Staff. His predecessor had drawn up the famous Schlieffen Plan, to be used during war to quickly defeat France in the west by means of a rapid, overwhelmingly powerful flank attack through Belgium and Holland, whilst a small army kept Russia at bay in the east.
 * Moltke retained Schlieffen's plan but modified it progressively to take account of French military build up in the south immediately prior to the war. Whilst Moltke is often blamed for the ineffectual implementation of the Schlieffen Plan, he himself persuaded the Kaiser, Wilhelm II, who was doubtful of its merits. Moltke insisted that once the Schlieffen Plan was set in motion it could not be stopped.
 * Most historians agree that Moltke proved indecisive at the critical moment during the invasion of France. Fear of Russian attack in the east, as well as the opportunity to capture an unplanned victory against the French in Lorraine, distracted Moltke.
 * Failure to give clear orders during the Battle of the Marne in early September, as his forces neared Paris, resulted in field commanders ordering a retreat. Stalemate followed with trench warfare.
 * Wilhelm replaced Moltke with Erich Falkenhayn as Chief of Staff on 14 September 1914, effectively retiring Moltke.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Elphick) - **Gen. Douglas MacArthur
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Eubank) - **Marshall Foch - (October 1851 - March 1929) He was a French soldier, Military Theorist, and an Allied Generalissimo during WWI. He was widely credited as a chief actor while commanding the French Ninth Army. He participated in a brief invasion on Germany, before retiring in the face of a german counter-attack.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Harry Truman was the president at the end of WWII and through the immediate aftermath of the war. He authorized the use of nuclear weapons against Japan. He helped found the United Nations, put in place the Marshall Plan to help Europe rebuild, issued the Truman Doctrine which became the cornerstone of the US's foreign policy against communism and the Soviet Union, helped create NATO, an agreement between Mexico, Canada, and USA to remove tariffs and increase trade, and oversaw the Korean War. December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964 One of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. He did a lot of epic stuff like kick German tanks. He was American, but when he got home from the war he was unnoticed. **Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen** (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the **Red Baron**, was a [|German] [|fighter pilot] with the Imperial German Army Air Service (// [|Luftstreitkräfte] //) during [|World War I]. He is considered the top [|ace] of the war, being officially credited with 80 [|air combat] victories. Originally a [|cavalryman], Richthofen transferred to the Air Service in 1915, becoming one of the first members of // [|Jasta 2] // in 1916. He quickly distinguished himself as a fighter pilot, and during 1917 became leader of // [|Jasta 11] // and then the larger unit// [|Jagdgeschwader 1] // (better known as the "Flying Circus"). By 1918, he was regarded as a national hero in Germany, and well-known amongst opposing forces. Richthofen was shot down and killed near [|Amiens] on 21 April 1918. There has been considerable discussion and debate regarding aspects of his career, especially the circumstances of his death. He remains perhaps the most widely known fighter pilot of all time, and has been [|the subject of many books, films and other media]. (1846 - 1921) He was a German field marshal commanding the German 2nd Army during WWI. His army was part of the German force that invaded Belgium. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">He messed up the Schlieffen plan when he ordered Alexander von Kluck to turn the 1st army on his right towards him. He was believed to be responsible for the German faliure to capture Paris. Edmund Allenby was an English soldier and British Imperial Governor; he was born on April 23, 1861 and he died on May 14, 1936. He fought in the Second Boer War, and in the First World War where he led the British Empire’s EEF (Egyptian Expeditionary Force) from October to December of 1917 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. He captured Palestine and defeated Yildirim Army Group’s Eighth Army at the Battle of Megiddo, which forced the Fouth and Seventh Army to retreat towards Damascus. The Desert Mounted Corps then captured Damascus and advanced to northern Syria. Thomas Edward Lawrence,16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935, known professionally as T. E. Lawrence, was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title which was used for the 1962 film based on his World War I activities. -1848-1916 -included in the inner-circle of Wilhelm II -responsible for the Germanic failure at the Battle of the Marne, alongside the shift in the tide of the war in favour of the Allied forces. -his push to change the route of the army for Paris resulted in the flanking of the Germanic forces and the infamous "Race to the Sea" between the German and French armies. -position overtaken by Erich von Falkenhayn on 25 October 1914
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Evans) - **Gen. Kitchener-
 * Appointed Secretary of State for War
 * Large recruitment campaign including a poster from which originates the whole "Uncle Sam wants you" poster
 * Major strategist for the British
 * Often credited for keeping the triple alliance in the war
 * Major decisions made on western front
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Feagan) - **Capt. Harry Truman
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Fisher) - **Sgt. Alvin York
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Franco) - **Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(French) - **Baron Manfred von Richtoven
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Harper) - **Gen. Karl von Bulow
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Hunt) - **Gen. Erich von Falkenhayn-- German General Chief of Staff that served during the First World War. After World War I he became a writer and wrote books.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Jenkins) - **Sir Edmund Allenby
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Jones) - **T.E. Lawrence
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Keithley) - **Gen. Helmuth von Moltke

Famous for being alive and doing good deeds <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">George Creel was an investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Killough) - **Gen. Hugh Trenchard
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(King) - **Hermann Goring
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Knox) - **George M. Cohen
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Kossia) - **George Creel


 * <span class="_vn">Born: <span class="kno-fv _Bz">December 1, 1876, Lafayette County, MO


 * <span class="_vn">Died: <span class="kno-fv _Bz">October 2, 1953


 * <span class="_vn">Spouse: <span class="kno-fv _Bz">Blanche Bates

Pétain was appointed Premier of France by President Lebrun, and the Cabinet resolved to make peace with Germany. His government voted to transform the French Third Republic into the French State which was authoritarian. U – boats, also known as Unterseeboots or “undersea boats” were military submarines operated by Germany in WWI and WWII. They were used primarily to attack merchant convoys coming from the UK and the US in WWI and II. After WWI, Germany’s tonnage of its’ fleet was restricted by the Treaty of Versailles, however Germany found loopholes such as labeling the building of the ships as “research” and by the time WWII started, Germany had 65 U – Boats, 21 of which were already at sea, prepared for war. <span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Poison gases in World War I were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like phosgene and chlorine. This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century. The killing capacity of gas, however, was limited – only four percent of combat deaths were caused by gas. Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop effective countermeasures, such as gas masks. In the later stages of the war, as the use of gas increased, its overall effectiveness diminished. The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare, and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives, gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as "the chemists' war". <span style="color: #424242; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Laughlin) - **Marshal Petain- also known as Philippe Petain. He was a French general who became the Marshal of France. Later he became chief of state of Vichy France. with the fall of France in the 40's, Petain
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, J.) - **U boats
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, K.) - **Poison Gas
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Linton) - **Artillery- Machine guns, poison gases, submarines, bombs. More artillery was used in the battle of the marne than the entire american civil war.

was a Bosnian Serb who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
 * <span style="color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Review Questions: **
 * (Measom) - ** Who is Gavrilo Princip, and why is he important to the study of the Great War?

Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated by several members of the Serbian military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum.This was used as pretext for Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, which then led to World War I. The **Race to the Sea** took place from about 17 September – 19 October 1914, after the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August–13 September) and the German advance into France, which had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September) and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne (13 September – 28 September), a Franco-British counter-offensive. The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies, to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through Picardy, Artois and Flanders, rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea. The "race" ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium around 19 October, when the last open area from Dixmude to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops, who had been withdrawn from the Siege of Antwerp (28 September – 10 October). The outflanking attempts had resulted in a number of encounter battles but neither side was able to gain a decisive victory
 * (Mendez) - ** What is the Triple Entente? How does it differ from the Triple Alliance? Who then are the Allied and Associated Power? The Triple Enente is the alliance between Russia, France and Britain in WW1, which the Triple Alliance was prior to WW1 but consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and Italy did not join the central powers in the Great War. The Allied Powers consited of Russia, France, Britain and United States of America, Associated Powers consited of Germany, Austria Hungary and the remains of the Ottoman Empire
 * (Monteith) - ** What is the Race to the Sea?


 * (Moreno) - ** What were the significant battles of the Great War, who the significant people who fought in them, and what were their accomplishments?

The 1st battle of Marne was significant as a consequence of this was that the French and British forces were able to prevent the German plan for a swift and decisive victory. However, the German Army was not beaten and its successful retreat ended all hope of a short war. The major people who were involved in this battle was Joseph Joffre, the Commander-in-Chief of the French forces, General Helmuth von Moltke, and Michel Maunoury. Another significant battle would be the 2nd battle of Ypres, as it is the first time that gas has been used in order to assault the opposing forces. Significant people involved would be Arthur Currie and Sir John French. The troops fled in terror and left a 7km gap in the Allied line. Wearing primitive gas-masks, the Germans advanced cautiously into the gap. The arrival of the British Second Army blocked the German advance but the Allied forces had been disadvantaged by the loss of the high ground north of Ypres. Last but not least, the Battle of Verdun. The significance of this battle was the fact that The Battle of Verdun is considered the greatest and lengthiest in world history. Never before or since has there been such a lengthy battle, involving so many men, situated on such a tiny piece of land. The battle, which lasted from 21 February 1916 until 19 December 1916 caused over an estimated 700,000 casualties. Important characters in this battle was General Erich von Falkenhayn, Chief of Staff of the German Army, as it was his idea to attack Verdun, General Henri-Philippe Petain as he was appointed commander of the Verdun sector, and General Charles Mangin, as he was depicted to be a national hero due to his ability to counter-attack the Germans.

Technology in WWI, although out of date now, was incredible. It was one of the first major wars where rifles were used that could shoot up to 10 rounds per minute!!! This caused massive increase in death and injury. Poison gas was also a big hit that killed and injured millions. These included Chlorine, mustard, and tear gas which could easily injure and readily kill soldiers. Another big invention that helped the war cause was the tank. It made travelling the battle terrains and warfare itself a whole lot easier. It was nearly indestructable, and whoever held its powerful was basically unbeatable. The words, “the war to end all wars” were quoted by Woodrow Wilson, who was the President of the United States of America in 1913 to 1921. Wilson left an impressive legacy of progressive reform that sought to curb abusive business practices and improve conditions for workers.
 * (Nachtergaele) - ** What role does technology play in this conflict? What were the significant technological advances made prior to and during the Great War?
 * (Nguyen, N.) - ** Why is the First World War known as the “War to end all Wars”?

The Americans entered the war late because they didn’t want to spend the money on a global war. They declared themselves neutral to the whole situation until Germany promised Mexico land in the US if they won the war. Then the US found itself at threat, so they joined the war to help defeat Germany in order to keep the land they won in the Spanish-American war.
 * (Nguyen, T.) - ** Why are the Americans so late in entering the war?
 * (Nugen) - ** Why were the Japanese so late in entering the war?
 * (Olmos) - ** What were the consequences of the Russian capitulation? The consequence of the Russian capitulation was that they gave large amounts of land from the western part of Russia. This cripples them as they lose more working class members of their society.
 * (Phillips) - ** In terms of their success on the battlefield, assess the various battle plans put in place by the combatants of the Great War.
 * (Ponce) - ** Histories of the Great War tend to focus on the battlefield rather than on the home front. So what conditions did civilians on both sides of the front have to endure during the First World War? The effect that World War I had upon civilians was devastating. WWI was a war that affected civilians on an unprecedented scale. Civilians became a military target. The economic impact of WWI meant that there were shortages of all produce, most importantly food. Consequently, rationing of bread, tea, sugar and meat was introduced in 1918. Although there was a lack of certain food substances during the First World War, these lackings were NOT major issues to the survival of people, there was no time during WWI when people didn't have enough food available to survive. Nearly every family lost someone. Population losses were enormous. Propaganda at the time also gave the false impression to the public that everything was ok, when in reality so many people were dying. It wasn't until the Battle of Somme of 1916 that people actually began to see the reality of it all. World War One also had a large impact upon the role of Women. With all the men at war as soldiers, Women began working for a living. The treatment of prisoners and refugees from occupied territories also continued to be emphasized by the government throughout the war. The trade unions wielded huge power during the war, and also increased their influence hugely, their spoke body was generally the Trade union Congress and it often collaborated with the government on key legislation that would affect the lives of individuals. Lastly, the war was extremely expensive and it led to huge increases in taxes in order to pay for some of the war debts.
 * (Raison) - ** What is the Sussex Pledge, and how does it relate to unrestricted submarine warfare? Just for grins, what the heck is unrestricted submarine warfare? --- Let's start with unrestricted submarine warfare. It's what you think it is. Submarines sinking ships (like freighters and tankers) without warning. The Sussex Pledge was a promise made by Germany to America in 1916. In early 1916 the Germans were using unrestricted submarine warfare. During this time, Germany sank the Sussex, a French ferry boat. And although no Americans were harmed, this prompted Woodrow Wilson to step in. Fearing America's insurgence into WW1, the Germans signed the Sussex Pledge. This stated that Germany would change their submarine warfare tactics.


 * (Rajpurohit) - ** What were the major naval battles that were fought during Great War, and what was their outcome?

The **Battle of Jutland** was a naval battle fought by the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet against the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet during the First World War. The battle was fought on 31 May and 1 June 1916 in theNorth Sea near Jutland, Denmark. It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in the war. It was only the third-ever fleet action between steel battleships, following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea (1904) and Tsushima (1905)during the Russo-Japanese War.
 * Naval Warfare in World War 1 ** was mainly characterized by the efforts of the Allied Powers, with their larger fleets and surrounding position, to blockade the Central Powers by sea, and the efforts of the Central Powers to break that blockade or to establish an effective blockade of the United Kingdom and France with submarines and raiders.

The Grand Fleet was commanded by British Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and the High Seas Fleet by German Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer. The High Seas Fleet's intention was to lure out, trap and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, as the German naval force was insufficient to successfully engage the entire British fleet. This formed part of a larger strategy to break the British blockade of Germany and to allow German mercantile shipping to operate. Meanwhile, the Royal Navy pursued a strategy to engage and destroy the High Seas Fleet, or keep the German force contained and away from Britain's own shipping lanes.




 * (Rebotee) - ** What is the HMS Dreadnought? How does it impact the arms buildup that occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
 * A battleship of the British Royal Navy that revolutionized naval power
 * It's entry into service in 1906 represented such a marked advanced naval technology that it's name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships, the "dreadnoughts"
 * It was the first capital ship to be powered by steam turbines, making it the fastest battleship in the world at the time
 * It's launch helped spark a naval arms race as navies around the world, particularly the German Imperial Navy rushed to match it in the build-up to WWI
 * (Redburn) - ** Assess the strategies employed by each nation in the First World War. How successful were they at accomplishing the goals established by each nation prior to the outbreak of hostilities?

France: Plan XVII

The chief aim of Plan XVII, devised by Ferdinand Foch in the wake of the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, and taken up by French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre in 1913, was the recapture of the territory of Alsace and Lorraine.

Entirely offensive in nature, Plan XVII made extensive use of the belief in the mystical vital force (élan vital) assumed to be instilled within every Frenchman - a fighting spirit capable of turning back any enemy by its sheer power. It assumed the average French soldier to be more than a match for its German counterpart. More technically, Plan XVII called for an advance by four French Armies into Alsace-Lorraine on either side of the Metz-Thionville fortresses, occupied by the Germans since 1871. The southern wing of the invasion forces would first capture Alsace and Lorraine (in that order), whilst the northern wing would - depending upon German movements - advance into Germany via the southern Ardennes forests, or else move north-east into Luxembourg and Belgium.

Germany: Schlieffen Plan
Germany's Schlieffen Plan, named after its chief architect, Count Alfred von Schlieffen, was both offensive and defensive in nature.

Schlieffen - and the men who subsequently enhanced and modified his strategy, including Helmuth von Moltke, German Chief of Staff in 1914 - took as his starting assumption a war on two fronts, against France in the west and Russia in the east. The nature of the alliance system ensured that Russia was allied with France (and latterly Britain), set against Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Notwithstanding the potentially enormous size of the Russian army, with its never-ending supply of men, Schlieffen assumed - largely correctly, as it turned out - that it would take six weeks or longer for the Russians to effectively mobilise their forces, poorly led and equipped as they were. Banking on this assumption, Schlieffen devised a strategy for knocking France out of the war within those six weeks. In order to do so he would commit the vast majority of German forces in the west to form an overwhelming assault with Paris as its aim, leaving just sufficient forces in East Prussia to hold off the Russians during the latter's mobilisation process. Once France had been dealt with the armies in the west would be redeployed to the east to face the Russian menace.

Austria-Hungary: Plans B and R
Austria-Hungary's plans for war are much less discussed than those of France and Germany. In devising first Plan B and then Plan R, Austria-Hungary assumed that the coming war would be limited to Serbia.

Plan B (for Balkans) detailed the requirement for six Austro-Hungarian armies in the field, three to invade Serbia, with a further three guarding the Russian border to dissuade an attack from that quarter.

Plan R (for Russia) essentially revised Plan B, allowing for a greater volume of troops to guard against Russian assistance for the Serbs in the south, whilst assuming German activity in the north. This led to four armies being deployed against Russia and two against Serbia. Whilst the chosen plan in August 1914, in the event this strategy never came to fruition, since in committing to the Schlieffen Plan Germany devoted the bulk of its manpower to the west before intending to turn its attention to the east.

Russia: Plans G, A and 19
Russia, meanwhile, put together two very different plans for war. Plan G assumed that Germany would launch the war with a full-scale attack against Russia; the opposite of what actually transpired. Unusually, Plan G was content to permit German infringement of Russia's borders, with the consequent loss of territory and large-scale casualties, pending <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of Russian army mobilisation.

In short, the Russian military assumed that the country could readily bear a string of defeats at the start of the war, such was the reserve of manpower ultimately available to the army. Once effectively mobilised, they believed that the Russian army would inevitably eject Germany from within its borders. Napoleon had failed to conquer the vastness of Russia; it was assumed that Germany would likewise fail.

Plan 19 - also known as Plan A - was less drastic in its initial sacrifice of Russian manpower. Russia's French partners pressed the Russian military to devise a more offensive war strategy.

Plan 19, devised in 1910 by General Danilov and substantially modified in 1912, correctly assumed that Germany would open the war with an attack against France rather than Russia. This being the case, two Russian armies would advance into East Prussia and to Silesia en route to central Germany. Russia would at the same time make use of a fortress defence against invading forces.

Britain
The British did not devise a general war strategy in the same sense as France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. Unlike these powers, Britain had no particular desire for war to break out, and had no plans for expansion, although she was keen to protect her interests, in particular her trading links with her far-flung empire.

However once war broke out Britain, governed by Asquith's <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">, and after some initial confused dithering, determined to come to the aid of 'Brave Little Belgium' (as Belgium was represented in the initial British propaganda recruitment campaign) and to France.

In the absence of a conscripted army, the British Expeditionary Force (or BEF) was to be transported to the continent and onwards by rail to Belgium and the French left flank. It was estimated that it would take three full weeks, 21 days, to mobilise the BEF; Germany and France banked upon mobilising within 15 days.

Belgium
Belgium, by its very neutrality, could not openly plan for war. Instead, upon the declaration of war (or, in the case of Germany, invasion), the entirety of Belgium's armed forces, comprising 117,000 field troops, were concentrated west of the River Meuse in the (ultimately unsuccessful) defence of Antwerp. About 67,000 additional fortress troops were responsible for the defence of the forts at Liege, Namur and Antwerp.

Serbia
===The Serbian plan for war was simple: upon declaration of war the army would be doubled from five to ten divisions and placed in readiness to strike against Austria-Hungary once it became apparent what the latter's tactical intentions were.===

American Neutrality
The U.S. was determined to adopt a stance of rigid neutrality at the start of the war, and President Wilson announced the American stance to this effect shortly after war broke out, on 19 August 1914, reflecting U.S. popular opinion. Consequently the U.S. had no plans for war and played no initial part in the conflict. Despite official neutrality, a huge leap in export to the Allies led to a vested interest - at least in the eastern states - in an Allied victory. Exports to Germany and its allies rapidly diminished in parallel to a significant rise in shipping to Britain and France.Once in the war Wilson proposed a plan of sorts; it was not a war strategy but a plan to be put in place once peace had set in; the plan became known as the 'Fourteen Points'; although pushed heavily by the U.S. contingent both in the latter stages of the war and at the Versailles peace conference, these were much watered-down by the French and to a lesser extent the British, as being too idealistic. Among the Fourteen Points were clauses renouncing secret peace treaties; guaranteeing the neutrality of the seas outside territorial borders; calling for the removal of international trade barriers; for a reduction of arms; Polish independence; and for arbitration of colonial disputes. Wilson also called for the establishment of a 'League of Nations' designed to secure ongoing peace.


 * sorry wooley this was late because it took forever and I fell asleep, also sorry there's like a weird spot I can't get to un-bold*

was an investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. He said of himself that "an open mind is not part of my inheritance. I took in prejudices with mother's milk and was weaned on partisanship.
 * (Rivers) - ** Who is George Creel, and why is he significant to understanding the results of the Great War?-

The Zimmermann telegram was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Emipre for Mexico to join the Central Powers. The telegram was from German foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt.This proposal offered US territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause, because the United States entired WWI against Germany. However, the telegram was intercepted by British intelligence, who decoded it. This changed the course of the war, becasue the telegram outraged the American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany.
 * (Romero) - What is the Zimmerman telegram? How does it change the course of the war? **
 * (Rue) - ** Who were the “Big Four” at the Versailles Peace Conference?

The Big Four refers to the top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 following the end of World War I (1914–18). The Big Four are also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France.
 * (Russell) - **What was the Amalgamation Controversy?-- '(1917-1918) The paper is a historical case study of a significant issue in America's coalition warfare experience. From America's declaration of war in April 1917 until just prior to its first offensive as an independent army at St. Mihiel in September 1918, the French and British pressed for American manpower to be amalgamated by small groups--individuals, companies, battalions--into existing French and British formations. General John J. Pershing bore the responsibility for America's fight for independence. His reasons range from protecting American national interests to distinct strategy and tactics. The French and British case was based on security assistance, including shipping, war materiel, and training programs. The acrimony of the debate, the extreme divergence of views, and the seriousness of the threat--a series of German offensives--illustrate the strains a coalition must weather to succeed on the battlefield. The conclusion offers insights, drawn from the controversy, to today's coalition warrior.' (It was really hard to find information on this-- if anyone can give me more details it'd be appreciated!)

President Wilson addressed the idea of "the self - determination of people" in his Fourteen Points Address. He meant that people should have the ability to determine their government because he believed that people ruled under a government that didn't meet their desires wouldn't work. He thought that the government should get its power from the governed, so his idea of "self - determination of people" was essentially an endorsment for democracy amidst the spreading influence of communism.
 * (Schaefer) - ** What contribution did the United States make toward fighting in the Great War?-For nearly the entire duration of the war the United States remained neutral, however did become an important supplier to the Allied Forces, which consisted of Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Czechoslovak legions, and Italy. The US entered the war after receiving information about the Zimmerman Telegram being sent to Mexico in 1917.
 * (Schrop) - ** What did President Wilson mean when he called for “…the self - determination of people”?

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the major peace treaties at the end of World War I and ended the war between the German Empire and the allied Powers. For the most put all responsibility of the cause of the war and pay huge amounts of war reparations to the Allied Powers in what is know as the War Guilt. It blew into the major downfall of the German economy as the government was focused in paying war debts. It was during this time where Germany had to give 25,000 square miles (65,000sq km) of territory and 7,000,000 people. Germany also had to recognize the independence of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Outside of Europe, Germany had to renounce the control of their former colonies and was under mandate control of the Allied Powers. Togo land and German-Kamerun (Cameroon) were transferred to Fra and Urundi, were allocated to Belgium, German South-West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom. As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique also transferred German concessions in Shandong, China, to Japan, not to China, Japan was granted all German possessions in the north and those south of the equator went to Australia, except for German Samoa, which was taken by New Zealand. Germany also to limit their military.
 * (Siraphet) - ** What were the political consequences of the Versailles Peace treaty (not just for the people of Europe and the United States, but for other nations around the globe)
 * (Sjostrom) - ** How was President Wilson received when he arrived in Europe after the Armistice? Who accompanied him on this diplomatic mission (more importantly – who did not?)
 * (Tellez) - ** What is the League of Nations, and what exactly is “collective security”
 * (Theisen) - ** The Versailles Peace Conference tackled a number of difficult issues like the Polish Question, redrawing the boundaries of Europe, and how to deal with colonial and extra - territorial issues. The most intractable of these issues appears to be the question of compensation. How was each of the combatants compensated for the losses incurred during the war? What was Wilson favor a non - vindictive peace?

**The Germans were considered responsible for the war and therefor liable for the costs of the war, which summed up to about $32 billion (yes, with a b!). They also had to give up 10% of their pre-war territory**

**and all over seas land. And France was able to control Saarland until 1935.**

**The Balfour Declaration (1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild, a leader of British Jewish community. The purpose of the letter was to get transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. After the war Britain was entrusted with the temporary administration of Palestine, with the understanding that it would work on behalf of both its Jew and Arab inhabitants. The Arabs were angry because they thought they could achieve a nationhood and state-government, because they fought participated in the war against Turkey. Later on the Jewish population increased and this led to more Jewish-Arab violence which led to Britain's delay in making a decision for Palestine's future. This led to the official declaration in 1948 of the State of Israel.** The Treaty of Versailles was signed. Also, the French have celebrated every victory in this Hall, however... the Germans also declared the German State in this Hall, thus it essentially announced the death of the German Empire. This later set the stages for Hitler to rise to power, create a massive empire, challenge the Soviet, be beaten by the Soviets and allied power, thus then setting the stages for the Cold War along with the Nuclear age, and on and on up until now.
 * (Thomas) - ** What is the Balfour Declaration, and how does it impact he post - war world?
 * (Weiss) - ** What happened in the Hall of Mirrors, and how does it shape the rest of the twentieth century?
 * (Wieland) - ** How does the Senate react to the Versailles Peace Treaty? Mr. Wooley, I'm not sure which senate you're referring to. The United States'? Spain's? The French pseudo-senate? The Irishes? ???
 * (Xia) - ** How does the Great War differ from previous conflicts in human history?

Technologically advanced weapons such as chlorine gas, machine guns, and artillery made WWI a violent and impersonal war with massive casualties. Chlorine gas can travel through the air into enemy trenches and causes a slow and pain death. Machine guns, designed to kill many people quickly, were also introduced in WWI. Machine guns were able to fire up to 1200 shots per minute. Just spraying their gun was enough to kill. Artillery is another weapon that took many lives and caused massive damage to both troops and the battlegrounds during the war. Because artillery could travel so far it was easy to attack an enemy without having to face them and because of the size of the shells, artillery could wipe out hundreds of people easily. Another reason that it was different is because of industrial rev, supplies could be more mass produced, allowing for larger armies. And the inventions of new tech changed the way war was fought.


 * (Yakubek) - ** What were the lessons learned from the Great War (both individually and nationally)?

One of the lessons of the outbreak of World War I is the importance of perceptions. At some point in 1914 the German military and diplomatic community concluded that the country not only could pull off a successful lightning strike against France, but could do so without starting a world war — given various events over the prior decades.

World War I reminds us that even amid the worst carnage imaginable there will likely be a victor and a loser, even if both sides would usually have been far better off negotiating rather than destroying their youth over sometimes solvable differences. That sophisticated Westerners deny this fact does not make it go away, much less convince their adversaries of the futility of ideas like victory and defeat.

http://www.nationalreview.com/article/371300/lessons-world-war-i-victor-davis-hanson/page/0/1