Review+-+Revolution

AP European History Review Sheet – The French Revolution Directions: Answer the following questions here on the wiki (or don’t). I advise you to be able to answer all of these questions with more than a couple of sentences? Why YES! You are ultimately responsible for all of this information, but unfortunately there is very little time to go over all of these items.Identificatio

I have recovered the missing data - you'll just have to scroll down to find the secret message, that points you to the hidden treasure.

(Anthony) -Triangular Trade~
system of trade that occurred during the colonial era in American History. The triangular trade was not an “official” or rigid system of trade, but instead a name that has been given to this triangular route of trade.Triangular TradeNew Englanders manufactured and shipped rum to the west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves.The slaves were taken on the “Middle Passage” to the West Indies where they were sold for molasses and money.The molasses would be sent to New England to make rum and start the entire system of trade all over again

(Arellano) -Middle Passage-
The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. Voyages on the Middle Passage were a large financial undertaking, and they were generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individual

(Baker) -Diplomatic Revolution -
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War; the shift has also been known as "the great change of partners". The essence of the revolution was that Britain and Austria versus France and Prussia became France and Austria versus Britain and Prussia. It was part of the stately quadrille which saw a constantly shifting pattern of alliances throughout the 18th century.The diplomatic change was triggered by a separation of interests between Austria, Britain, and France. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle after the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 left Austria aware of the high price it paid in having Britain as an ally. Maria Theresa of Austria had defended her claim to the Habsburg throne and had her husband, Francis Stephen, crowned Emperor in 1741, but she had been forced to relinquish valuable territory in the process. Under British diplomatic pressure, Maria Theresa had given up most of Lombardy and occupied Bavaria. The British further forced her to cede Parma to Spain, and more importantly, abandon the valuable state of Silesia to Prussian occupation. During the war, Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia had seized Silesia, one of the Bohemian crown lands. This acquisition had further advanced Prussia as a great European power, which now posed an increasing threat to Austria’s German lands, and to Central Europe as a whole. The growth of Prussian power, though dangerous to Austria, was welcomed by the British who saw it as a means of balancing French power

(Barner) -War of Austrian Succession:
Instead of one big war which its name implies, the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) is just a combination of related wars that were occurring around the same time in Europe. The first of these wars began on December 16, 1740, when the King of Prussia, Frederick II, invaded Silesia, one of the richest Habsburg provinces, further providing evidence to the rest of Europe that the dominions of the Habsburgs were weak and could not militarily defend themselves. He defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in 1741 and went and overran Silesia. Then, France allied with Bavaria, Spain (later Saxony and Prussia) against the Austrians. Meanwhile, the Austrian ruler, Maria Theresa (because her father Charles VI was dead), formed an alliance with Britain, who feared that if France asserted its dominance over the continent, then they wouldn’t be able to establish a great colonial and commercial empire(one of the factors that led to the 1689-1815 “war” between France and England). The French and Bavarian assault on the Austrians failed because their fighting forces were not united and Austria took Bohemia (1742) and overran Bavaria, driving the opposing forces out of both. Austria’s allies further beat the French at the Battle of Dettingen (1743) and Savoy joined the side of the Austrians in the same year. In 1745, Charles VII died with his claims to Austrian succession, but his son, Maxilmilian III Joseph, gave away these rights for protection from Francis Stephen, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick II re-entered the war, and started the Second Silesian War, which was resolved by the Treaty of Dresden, which basically showed that the Prussians had control of Silesia. The financial burdens finally pushed the powers to settle with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 which preserved Austrian inheritance for Maria Theresa and kept Silesia in Prussian control

(Bassett) -Seven Years War-
The seven years war took place between 1754 to roughly 1763 lasting about 9 years. The main conflict however lasted between 1756 and 1763, hence the name 7 years war. The war was started by the great powers in Europe antogonising each other over many different things. Great Britain with Spain and France over trade with the colonies in the Americas. Prussia and Austria over the struggle for the Holy Roman Empire. After the War of Austrian Succession all the major powers switched sides with each other. Prussia and Great Britain joined forces along with other smaller german states and later portugal. Then the Austrians, French, Sweden, Saxony, Spanish and Russia (in the Earlier stages) joined together against the Anglo-Prussians. In the latter parts of the war the Russians left the Austro-French alliance after the succession of Csar Peter III in 1762. The british Prime Minister did not want to start a war in 1756, he was actually very certain that war would not come. But after the French attacked the Brits in the mediterranean they could not have this. Also the Brits heard about some fights going on in the colonies and a new alliance being created between the Brits and the Prussians, The Prussians, led by Frederick II, attacked Saxony. In the early part of the year in 1757, Frederick took the initiative to attack Austria in the Kingdom of Bohemia and won a decisive victory. The war was a great success for Great Britain because they got a lot of land from France including Canada, all the land in America but did not take their sugar plantations in the Caribbean. They also gained Spanish florida, some land in the west indies and some other land. The War ended with the Treaty of Paris between Spain, France, and Great Britain. And the Treaty of Hebertusberg between Prussia, Saxony, and Austria.

(Bates) -William Pitt (the Elder) -
He was prime minister for only 2 years, and he dominated British politics in the middle of the eighteenth century. A popular politician, his influence was so powerful that he effectively served as prime minister in all but name throughout the earlier premierships of the Duke of Devonshire and the Lord Newcastle. Because of this Pitt’s greatest achievements were made before he took the role of Prime Minister himself. He entered the House of Commons in 1735 as the Member of Parliament for Old Sarum, and became one of the ‘Boy Patriots’ who sought to bring down Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister before Pitt. He was an excellent public speaker, and used his talents to launch constant polotical attacks against Walpole. His career was defined by his refusal to fall in line, especially over matters of war and commerce. His first campaign, during Lord Newcastle’s premiership, was his encouragement of war with, rather than the appeasement of, Spain. He also criticised the way the wars were fought against Spain and then in the seven years war against France. He favoured a naval war as tactically more astute, as well as the conquest of the French colonies. Pitt believed the poor conduct of the war was due to the monarch’s attachment to Hanover, and to the resources and tactics being devoted to its protection. It is said that Pitt did not shirk from criticising the King’s interests, despite the criticism it brought him and the delay it caused in his progression to a position of power. Britain’s continuing military setbacks, however, gradually won other parliamentarians around to Pitt’s view. The Prime Minister, Lord Newcastle, would have preferred to control Pitt by having him in the government, but the King was deeply opposed to this. Continuing defeats saw Pitt brought in the following year, 1745, as Paymaster General which was an appointment intended to neutralise him. He married Lady Hester Grenville, sister of George Grenville, who was a stabilising influence. Pitt returned to Parliament in 1755, but his renewed attacks on military policy led to his dismissal. However, continued defeats at France’s hands appeared to support his opinions, and Lord Newcastle’s government fell. Under the Duke of Devonshire, Pitt directed the war as Secretary of State. He used only British troops, he enlarged the Navy and he made friendly propositions towards Prussia. In 1757 Lord Newcastle returned as Prime Minister in a alliance which saw Pitt keep his position as Secretary of State. The government was a successful one, though it saw Pitt dismissed for a period of 5 months before being reinstated. During Lord Newcastle’s premiership, Pitt made some of his greatest achievements in the area of foreign policy. He appreciated the relationship between war and trading success and chose his military campaigns to increase national trade. Conquering India, Canada, the West Indies and West Africa were all immensely beneficial to Britain’s merchants. He was the first minister whose main strength lay in the support of the nation at large as distinct from its representatives in the Commons, and who recognized the importance of public opinion. In 1766, he was given the chance to form his own administration as Prime Minister, but he struggled to maintain sufficient support in the Commons. He made errors of judgement with his appointments and with his acceptance of a peerage he became the Earl of Chatham. Pitt collapsed in the House of Lords in 1778 as his son, William Pitt ‘the Younger’, looked on, and died 4 days later. His whole life had been scarred by hereditary diseases and mental illness.

(Benavides) - William Pitt (the Younger)
1759-18060 British Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-1806) youngest prime minister (24) considerable influence in strengthening the office of Prime Minister during the French Revolution and Napoleonic War, and the reign of George II outstanding British administrator who worked for efficiency and reform. raised taxes to pay for war against France cracked down on radicalism Chancellor of the Excheque (1804-1806) - (title held by British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all economic and financial matters) Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1792) - responsible for the return of all writs to the crown along with the collection of taxes and the arrest of criminals Acts of Union - (1800) threat of Irish support for France tried to get Catholic Emancipation as part of the union === (Boboy) -René de Maupeou- was a French politician, chancellor of France, whose attempts at fiscal reform signalled the failure of enlightened despotism in France.Maupeou lived in retreat, still holding the office of Chancellor (abolished July 1,1790) until his death at Thuit (Eure) in 1792, having lived to see the overthrow of the ancien régime. His work, in so far as it was directed towards the separation of the judicial and political functions and to the reform of the abuses attaching to a hereditary magistrature, was subsequently endorsed by the Revolution. He had aimed at securing absolute power for Louis XV, but his intrigues and the violence of his judicial actions were in reality a serious blow to the monarchy. Appointed by Louis XV as chancellor in 1768 and ordered him to subdue judicial opposition ,abolished Parlement of Paris and members were exiled to isolated areas in the provinces, created new and docile parlement of royal officials, and taxed privileged groups again. ===

(Boyer) -The Bastille
The Bastille was a French prison. on July 14,1789, French commoners stormed the fortress, firing off the weapons they had stolen from the Hotel des Invalides. The prison only contained seven inmates at the time of its storming but was a symbol of the abuses of the monarchy: its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. 98 attackers and 1 defender were killed in the Bastille invasion. After the attack was over, the rebels stabbed the govenor, cut off his head, and mounted it on a pike to be paraded around the city streets.

(Bratcher) - Parlement of Paris-
this was also known as the " national assembly". This organization of government was created after king Louis the sixteenth had called together an assembly in 1789 to discuss taxation options for the country, since it was out into even greater debt after supporting the Americans in our revolution. Louis suggested that he increased the taxes but the bourigeoisie opposed this greatly along with many more people there. They voiced this decision in the tennis court oath. They eventually succeeded in gaining their political power from Louis and the estates general was then transformed into a parliament that was called the " national assembly."(1789)

(Cardoza) -Marie Antoinette
Born November 1755 Died October 1793 Archduchess of Austria Dauphine of France from 1770 to 1774 \ Penultimate child of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I When she married Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France Belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and House of Bourbon Roman Catholic When he husband, Louis XVI, got the crown after his father, Louis XV, died, she became the little Queen of France and of Navarre. Mother of Marie-Therese Charlotte Had four kids Even though at first people liked her, later the people began to dislike her and accused her of spending money prodigiously and carelessly. The people also accused her of being to “soft” of French enemies, especially Austria, the country she was born in. The Diamond Necklace Indecent (she was accused of defrauding the crown jeweler of the cost of a diamond necklace) ruined her reputation even more even though she had nothing to do with the crime. Became known as Madame Deficit because she was blamed for the country’s financial crisis and for her careless spendings. Eight months after Louis XVI (her husband) was executed, Antoinette was executed herself. She is now part of pop culture and is the subject of many movies, books, and other type of media. People now have different views on her. Some say that she was treated unjustly and are sympathetic and some see her as the one that started the French Revolution.

(Carroll) - Maximillian Robespierre -
A French Revolution leader, Maximillien de Robespierre was involved in many important events throughout his life time (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) With a role model of Rousseau, Robespierre was a very opinionated and powerful young man, voicing many ideas for The Declaration Of the Rights of Man, becoming involved in what is known as the Jacobin Club, being elected to the National Convention, and eventually influenceing the death of Louis XVI and the destruction of the Girondists. Shortly after Louis' execution however, Robespierre began what was known as the Reign of Terror, where acts of terror were an acceptable legal tool to keep populations from getting unruly. This Reign ended when Robespierre left the National Convention due to Illness, came back, and guillotined multiple members and their followers, turning his eyes away from the populations, but instead to the Church. Robespierre wished to purify the Catholic Church, renaming God to "The Supreme Being". This radical behavior didnt fly with most people, and Robespierre was eventually shot in the jaw, arrested, then guillotined.

(Coville) -Jacobins
 A Jacobin is someone who supports a centralized Republic. During the French Revolution, the term was popularly applied to all supporters of revolutionary opinions. Specifically, it was used to describe members of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club of the French Revolution. The club was so called from the Dominican convent where they originally met, in the Rue Saint-Jacques in Paris.

 The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, commonly known as the Jacobin Club was the most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution, so named because of the Dominican convent where they met, which had recently been located in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. The club originated as the

Club Benthorn  , formed at Versailles from a group of Breton representatives attending the Estates General of 1789. There were thousands of chapters throughout France, with a membership estimated at 420,000. After the fall of Robespierre, the club was closed.

 The club later became notorious for its implementation of the Reign of Terror.

(Dam) -Sans Culottes -
Radical left-wing partisans of the lower classes, usually were urban labourers, who were in the French revolution. They were out-classed and out-gunned but the made up the most part of the revolutionary army in the early years of the French Revolution. They believed in popular democracy, social and economic equality, affordable food, rejection of the free-market economy, and vigilance against counter-revolutionaries. Around the early 1790's at their peak of influence they provided large support behing 2 factions of the Paris Commune, the Enrages and the Hebertists. They also provided support for the more violent events of the revolution like the September massacres and supported the Committee of Public Safety and the bloody Reign of Terror.

(Davis) - National Assembly
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale), which existed from June 13, 1789 to July 9, 1789, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on Sept. 30, 1791) it was known as the National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante), though popularly the shorter form persisted. Major events/Stuff: June 20, 1789 National Assembly members take Tennis Court Oath, pledging to create new constitution The August Decrees: Though few deaths among the nobility were reported, the National Assembly, which was meeting in Versailles at the time, feared that the raging rural peasants would destroy all that the assembly had worked hard to attain. In an effort to quell the destruction, the assembly issued the August Decrees, which nullified many of the feudal obligations that the peasants had to their landlords. For the time being, the countryside calmed down. The Tennis Court Oath: Three days after splitting from the Estates-General, the delegates from the Third Estate (now the National Assembly) found themselves locked out of the usual meeting hall and convened on a nearby tennis court instead. There, all but one of the members took the Tennis Court Oath, which stated simply that the group would remain indissoluble until it had succeeded in creating a new national constitution. Upon hearing of the National Assembly’s formation, King Louis XVI held a general gathering in which the government attempted to intimidate the Third Estate into submission. The assembly, however, had grown too strong, and the king was forced to recognize the group. Parisians had received word of the upheaval, and revolutionary energy coursed through the city. Inspired by the National Assembly, commoners rioted in protest of rising prices. Fearing violence, the king had troops surround his palace at Versailles. The National Assembly and the Church: Over the next two years, the National Assembly took a number of progressive actions to address the failing economy and tighten up the country. A number of them targeted the Catholic Church, which was at the time one of the largest landholders in France. To jump-start the economy, the state in February 1790 confiscated all the church’s land and then used it to back a new French currency called the assignat. In the beginning, at least, the assignat financed the Revolution and acted as an indicator of the economy’s strength. A short time later, in July 1790, the French Catholic Church itself fell prey to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a decree by the National Assembly that established a national church system with elected clergy. The country was divided into eighty-three departments, each of which was governed by an elected official and represented by an elected bishop. The voting for these positions was open to anyone who met certain relatively lenient criteria, such as property ownership. The Assembly’s Tenuous Control: Despite the National Assembly’s progress, weaknesses were already being exposed within France, and the Great Fear and the women’s march on Versailles demonstrated that perhaps the assembly didn’t have as much control as it liked to think. The revolution that the assembly was overseeing in Paris was run almost exclusively by the bourgeoisie, who were far more educated and intelligent than the citizens out in the country. Although the August Decrees helped assuage the peasants’ anger, their dissatisfaction would become a recurring problem. The differing priorities that were already apparent foreshadowed future rifts. Most notable among the assembly’s controversial priorities was its treatment of the churches. Although France as a whole was largely secular, large pockets of devoutly religious citizens could be found all over the country. By dissolving the authority of churches, especially the Catholic Church—a move that greatly angered the pope—the assembly seemed to signal to the religious French that they had to make a choice: God or the Revolution. Although this was likely not the case, and certainly not the assembly’s intent, it nevertheless upset many people in France.

(Diver) - Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1791 to September 1792 under the French Constitution of 1791, between the National Assembly and the National Convention. Members of the previous National Assembly were banned from being members, so it was a largely politically-inexperienced body. The Assembly consisted of two main groups: the Right, or the Feuillants, who supported a constitutional monarchy and believed the Revolution had achieved its goal, and the Left, or Jacobins, who were far more radical in wanting a complete abolishment of the monarchy. At this point, King Louis XVI still held some power and hoped that a military defeat at the hands of France’s neighbors could restore his absolute power. However, once it became clear that the Jacobins and monarchy were irreconcilable, the Legislative Assembly stripped Louis of his power after finding him guilty of conspiring with their enemies and passed a resolution creating the National Convention, a new legislative body elected by universal suffrage. (Do) -Directorate held in France from 1795-1799 consisted of a body of of five directors that held executive power after the National Convention split into two time periods: First Directory and Second Directory occured after the Reign of Terror which was led by Robespierre and Jacobin were highly unpopular and stayed in power only by prolonging the war and through the army military successes sustained their power in 1976 the directory ended with the coup d'état in November 9, 1799 by Napolean Bonaparte who started the consulate

(Edward) -Ancien Regime
Ancien Regime- Monarchic, political system that was established in France from 15-18 century under valoius and bourban dyasties. the french monarchy was linked to the Catholic Church. One of the established principles of the French monarchy was that the king could not act without the advice of his counsel; the formula expressed this deliberative aspect. The administration of the French state in the early modern period went through a long evolution, as a truly administrative apparatus – relying on old nobility, newer chancellor nobility and administrative professionals – was substituted to the feudal clientel system.

(Elizondo) -Cahiers
The lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789. Their compilation was ordered by King Louis XVI, in order to give each of the Estates the chance to express their hopes and grievances directly to the King. They were explicitly discussed at a special meeting of the Estates-General held on 5 May 1789. The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy. The cahiers were not meant as a direct challenge to the Old Regime, rather as suggestions of reforms. Still, the writing of the cahiers forced people to think about the problems that France faced, and how they wanted them fixed. The political discussions that raged throughout France were a direct challenge to the current system, as they gave the people a voice, and subsequently were used to guide the elected representatives in what to discuss at the Estates General, adding to a revolutionary air of expectation of the Estates General.The Cahiers of the First Estate reflected the interests of the parish clergy: They called for an end to bishops holding multiple dioceses, and demanded that commoners be allowed to become bishops. In return they were prepared to give up the financial privileges of the Church. They were not, however, prepared to give up the dominant position that the Church held over the other two Estates, nor did they intend to allow Protestant religious practices. They wanted to keep Roman Catholicism the only official religion in France.Cahiers of the Second Estate – the Nobility: Much of the nobility proved quite liberal, voting that they were willing to give up their financial privileges. Where up until now, they had been against the idea of the commoners entering their ranks they were finally accepting of the fact that Academic Merit, rather than the position held by a man because of his birth, should be the requirements to hold certain offices. They also attacked the government for being out of date, and unjust.Cahiers of the Third Estate – the Peasants and Middle Class:The cahiers of the Third Estate spoke out mainly against the financial privileges held by the two other Estates; both being exempt from most taxes (the church tithe and the king’s tax). They also wanted to have a fair voting system in the Estates-General.

(Elphick) -Bourgeoisie
-derived from the old French word burgesis(walled city),which came from Bourg(market town). Is the term labeled upon the capital(means of production) owning middle class, that originated in high middle ages (period after 1000a.d. ).17th -18th century bourgeoisie wealth reflected in its politically mobile stature, openly supporting constitional goverment, natural right while remaiming against law of priviledge and divine right. the english civil war caused partly because of desire of bourgeoisie to get rid of royal trappling upon of their personal liberty, commercail rights ,and ownership of property. Which often found themselves exploiting the proletariat (working class).Often related to hedonist ideals of persuit of pleasure .Underlined key terms

(Eubank) -Marquis de Lafayette
Lafayette was born in Auvergne, France on September 6, 1757. He was a French Military officer and Aristocrat. He was a general in the American Revolutionary War under George Washington. He was a leader of Grande Nationale during French Revolution. He influenced Louis XVI to create the Edict of Versailles of 1787 during the French Revolution. Along with help from Thomas Jefferson, they wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies under the Charter of 1815, but during the Bourbon Restoration, he became a liberal member of it. He received honorary United States Citizenship because of his help during the American Revolutionary War. He was known as “The Hero of the Two Worlds” for his help in France and the United States.

(Feagan) -Georges Danton
(October 26, 1759—April 5, 1794)A leader in the French Revolution against Louis XVIFirst President of the Committee of Public SafetyWas not a big proponent of the Reign of Terror; voted to give the Committee of Public Safety dictatorial powers but did not intend for all of its power to be used for terror Because of this, several other political leaders such as Maximillian Robespierre himself didn’t like him, and had him executed for financial corruption without even a real trial

(Franco) -King Leopold I-
He was the founder of the Belgian line of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His children included Leopold II of Belgium and Carlota of Mexico, Empress-Consort of Maximilian I of Mexico. He was a maternal uncle and adviser of Queen Victoria. He was elected on 4 June, accepted, and became "King of the Belgians" on 26 June 1831. He swore allegiance to the constitution in front of the Church of Saint Jacques-sur-Coudenberg at Coudenbergh Place in Brussels on 21 July 1831. This day became the Belgian national holiday. Jules Van Praet would become his personal secretary. In 1842, Leopold tried unsuccessfully to pass laws to regulate female and child labor. A wave of revolutions passed over Europe after the deposition of his father-in-law, King Louis-Philippe, from the French throne in 1848. Belgium remained neutral, mainly because of Leopold's diplomatic efforts.

(French) -Jacques Necker
As a young boy Jacques was born in Neumark, as he grew he published law books and was sent to the bank of Issac Vernet because of his superior skills. Through careful speculation he became extremely wealthy. He co founded the bank of Genevese, the famous bank of Thellusson with his father's friend. He soon fell in love with Madame Necker, she encouraged him to become a public speaker where he then was granted french east india company. Being a shareholder he was gifted even more money than he already had. He was later granted the director of finances because of his protestant faith - he could not be a ruler. During the revolution he was seen as a "savior" Although he tried to stop the revolution he could not prevent the effects of it.
 * (Harper) -Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès **

(1748 - 1836) He was a French abbot, clergyman and political writer. It is thought that he didn't follow a religious career because he was particularly religious, but because it helped him advance his career as a political writer. He was an important political theorist in the French Revolution. He was displeased with the power that the first and second estates had over the third estate. He wanted the third estate, since it contained the majority of people, to be "something" instead of "nothing." In 1789, he wrote a pamphlet called "What is the Third Estate?" in which he wrote revolutionary ideas about the third estate gaining power by joining with the other two, and it became the manifesto of the French Revolution. The pamphlet played a key role in shaping French revolutionary thought, and the idea that all the estates should join together influenced the creation of the National Assembly.

(Hunt) - Tennis Court Oath--
The Tennis Court Oath was an agreement signed by the 576 members of the third estate on 20 June 1789. They signed it in a tennis court because they were locked out of an Estates General meeting. This was a pivotal event during the French Revolution that changed the course of the revolution. The oath stated that the "National Assembly" would not stop meeting until a constitution had been written.

(Jenkins) -Charlotte Corday
Charlotte Corday was opposed to the radical nature of the French Revolution. She began to sympathize with the Girondins, who had a less severe approach to the revolution, as opposed to the Montagnards. Corday agreed with the Girondins’ ways and just like them, had a sense of disdain for the Mountain(group of the Montagnards). The Mountain was a radical faction of the Jacobin Club; people who held prominent roles in this group were men such as Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, Maximilien de Robespierre. Corday decided to assassinate Jean-Paul Marat, and she was executed for doing so. (Jones) - Tuileries Palace The Tuileries Palace was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs from Henry IV to Napoleon III, until it was destroyed in the upheaval of the Paris Commune in 1871. Built in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres. Since the destruction of the Tuileries, the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden, forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper. (Keithley) - Declaration of Pillnitz -issued on 27 August 1791 near Saxony -declared suppourt from the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia against French revolutionaries -Although intended to enforce the king's power, resulted in the exact opposite: the ignition of the French Revolution *interpreted by revolutionaries as a declaration of war on behalf of the empires *resulted in the campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars-linked Austira into war should any other nation go to war with France (Killough) - Madame Roland (King) - Olympe de Gouges- (7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793) Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings were very popular. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, de Gouges became increasingly politically involved. She became an outspoken advocate for improving the condition of slaves in the colonies as of 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps best known as an early feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male–female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her close relationship with the Girondists. ( Knox) - Jacques - Louis David He was a French Neoclassical painter, at first he stared as Rococo but later changed his style. Later became an active member of the French Revolution and was best buddies with Maximillian Robespierre and the Jacobin club. During his time he was the director of the French art department in the French Republic, but when Maximillian died was sent to jail. When Napoleon came to power he started to pain his romantic style of works, including Bonaparte. Some of his most notable works are “The Tennis Court Oath”, “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”, “Christ on the Cross.” His passion For the Revolution helps him portray the emotions of Rocco and Romantic. Review Questions (Kossia) - Europe is rocked by a series of global wars during the eighteenth century. Who fought in these conflicts, what were their national goals, and what were the results American Revolution - French & Murikah vs Brits (Murikan Idependence)"The Seven Years' War was a global military war between 1756 and 1763, involving most of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. In the historiography of some countries, the war is alternatively named after combats in the respective theaters: the French and Indian War (North America, 1754–63), Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia, 1757–62), Third Carnatic War (Indian subcontinent, 1757–63), and Third Silesian War (Prussia and Austria, 1756–63)." (Laughlin) - What is the Pragmatic Sanction? (Lee, J.) - What were the political and economic impacts of the Duel for North America on all of the following: England, France, and Spain? Both France, Spain and certainly England were able to beneifit economically from North America. France established Quebec in the north which was known as New France. From this territory, France profited off of its most valuable resource, beavers. Fur trapers in Norh America hunted beavers and other small animals for there fur, which was highly valued in Europe where it was incorperated into fashion. France also profited from several other territories in what is now the U.S. includeing New Orleans and parts of Illinois where grain was produced. The first battles among European power for control of North America were King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in with terms signed at Utrecht, France and Spain were terribly beaten. Britain received Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and trading rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkins's Ear started in 1739 between the British and Spaniards and it ended in 1748 with a treaty that returned Louisbourg back to France, much to the dismay of the victorious New Englanders. (Lee, K.) - How does America benefit from conflict in Europe from 1750 to 1850? (and yes I do realize the answer to this question is extensive) The conflict in Europe allows America to benefit very much. In North America, the American Revolution was raging around the late eighteenth century. The British government was attempting to tame the colonists in the Americas. Although the British military was one of the strongest militaries in the entire world at the time, the weak unprofessional Americans won the revolution because of the conflict in Europe from 1750 to 1850. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) was a competition between Britain and France to acquire territory in Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, and India. After an exhaustive war, Britain won, but Britain spent much money in the war. Thus, Britain did not have as much money as they would have in fighting the Americans. Additionally, the war rendered France to become very jealous and angry at Britain because Britain won much land. Thus, the French allied with the Americans after the victory at the Battle of Saratoga to help the Americans win. Also, the British made some serious military blunders. Not only did the Americas benefit politically through independence, the Americas benefited economically from the Seven Years’ War. The conflict and tension between France and Britain was for trade rights. Thus, between 1715 and 1785, Britain’s trade with North America rose from 19 to 24% of its total trade. The British North American colonies grew rapidly, increasing to 1.7 million by 1760. (Linton) - What are the consequences of the Seven Years War and the American Revolution for the nations of Europe? (Looney) - How does Colbert’s policy of mercantilism in the French North American colonies impact both France and its colonial efforts? (Macneill) - Compare the North American colonial ventures of Spain, France and Britain differ? How does that affect political developments in Europe during the Eighteenth century? Britain – The British colonies were set up for a combination of reasons, ranging from people searching for religious freedom, to people who just wanted to own land. The British government used them to their advantage though, utilizing them as a means for Britain to get more money. They laws limiting the type of trade and manufacturing could be done in the colonies, along with depriving them of a voice in British Parliament. This later resulted in the American Revolution. France – France set up colonies primarily in modern day Eastern Canada, such as Quebec and Montreal. They also built forts throughout the central United States, known as Louisiana. These territories were later broken up after the seven years’ war, with the Canadian territories becoming British. In these Northern colonies, fur trading was a common means for earning a living, as the belts of Beavers and other small animals sold for large amounts overseas. Spain – Spain primarily set up their settlements in modern day Mexico and the lower western United States, along with owning Florida (as a result of the search for the fountain of youth). They set up mission and converted many Native Americans to Catholicism. (Martinez) - Several European monarchs died in the mid - Eighteenth century, how did that impact political developments in Europe and the North America? (Matafadi) - Why does France involve itself in the American Revolution? What does France hope to gain from its involvement in the conflict? The French goal was to weaken Britain, both to keep it from getting too powerful and to exact revenge for the defeat in the Seven Year's War. The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France,and they saw the revolution as an opportunity to strip Britain of their North American possessions in retaliation for France's loss of Canada a decade before. Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle, volunteers joined the American army, with the plan to destroy the British. (McCutchan) - Who lost the American Revolution and who won and why? The Americans won against the British because the French greatly supported the finances throughout the war, many troops were willing to die for their country which resulted in more of a ‘nothing to lose’ attitude while in battle, and they won the most crucial of battles instead of an overall majority of them. Britain had other priorities with the rest of the world and could not just solely focus on America at the time and they were also an ocean away from the war and could not easily support the effort with supplies or make rapid decisions. The British also used very inaccurate weaponry and many of their troops switched back-and-forth from supporting the British side to the American side throughout the war if they weren't getting paid. Ultimately, the British lost to the Americans during the American Revolution because they weren't focused and the troops weren't as motivated as the American troops were to win the war because they lacked an ultimate goal, whereas the Americans had their hearts set on their freedom from Britain. (Measom) - What is the impact of the American Revolution on France in particular and on the West in general? The American Revolution had a tremendous effect on Europe. It not only served as an inspiration for France, but also demonstrated that the liberal political ideas of the Enlightenment were more than mere utterances of intellectuals. By declaring independence, America demonstrated that it was possible to overthrow “old regimes”. This was the first time a colony had rebelled and successfully asserted its rights to self-government and nationhood. This inspired many European nations and colonies to revolt. In addition, the United States had created a new social contract in the form of its Constitution, in which they realized the ideas of Enlightenment. The natural rights of man The ideas of liberty Equality Freedom of religion This made the bourgeoisie of Europe reconsider their own government and monarchic systems. The culmination of all these factors was seen in the French Revolution, where the revolutionaries formed their own slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”. Europeans obtained information about the American Revolution from soldiers returning from America. French soldiers returned to France with ideas of individual liberty, popular sovereignty and the notion of republicanism. The American Revolution was seen by many in South America as a good example of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic society (later, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the US Constitution). (Mendez) - How do Enlightenment ideals impact the French Revolution? (Monteith) - What significant social, political, economic, and cultural events occurred in France during the 1780s? The majority of the population of France was made up of commoners, who resented the privileges enjoyed by the nobles and clergy. In addition, the growth of new ideas during the 18th century's Enlightment resulted in thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau beginning to question the principles of the old regime and absolutism. These thinkers spoke of a liberal society that enjoyed free commerce. They also championed equal rights and the abolition of the class system. The notion of revolution was further encouraged by Frenchmen who had been exposed to the ideas behind the American Revolution. In 1789 the crisis came to a head. On July 14th, a Parisian mob revolted and stormed the Bastille prison, which was seen as a symbol of political oppression. The French revolution had begun. On the August 26, 1789 the revolutionaries issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man which embodied the principles of Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité, and was meant to end the class system. During the Revolution, Louis XVI was guillotined, along with scores of moderates and radicals, at the Place de la Revolution (now the Place de la Concorde). bRobespierr band his Committee of Public Safety brought brought on the Reign of Terror in France. b1762: bRousseau's Social Contract b1769: bNapoleon Bonaparte born in Ajaccio, Corsica b1774: bLouis XVI becomes king b1778-83: bThe kingdom supports the American Revolution 1789: French Revolution, storming of La Bastille b1792: bLouis XVI tried for treason and convicted; monarchy abolished b1793: bLouis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette are guillotined in Paris 1794: Robespierre overthrown and end of Reign of Terror (Moreno) - What is the Ancien Régime ? The Ancien Regime was the monarchic, social, political, and aristocratic system in France which was established in the 15th century. This system lasted under the reign of the Valois family as well as the Bourbon family. The Ancien Regime came into play through internal conflicts, civil wars, and legislative acts. It was also seen as a system of irregularities through administration, legal, and judicial aspects. It was overthrown by the event of the French Revolution which cause many, aristocrats especially, to believe that due to the loss of this regime, culture and values were diminishing as well as the economy.

(Nachtergaele) - Why does Louis XVI call the Estates General? What other course of action could Louis have taken? Louis XVI was in deep trouble as the French economy dwindled to almost causing the complete destruction of the country due to previous spendings on war and luxuries. He could have made his own decisions, but his options included hiring taxes and other related things, and to make the population of France agree to that, he would have to give them more power which would lead to a decrease in his power. He definitely did not want this to happen. He then decided to call the Estates General, since the First and Second Estates could easily over-rule the Third Estate so he would get what he wanted and not look bad. This all went wrong however when the Third Estate decided to become its own group and then rebel and overthrow the government!! (Nguyen, N.) - Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette. Why did he do it, how does that impact France, and why would Louis’s marriage to a Hapsburg be so distressing to the French people? (Nguyen, T.) - What were the various governments of France from 1780 to 1799? At the beginning of 1780, France was an “Ancien Regime”, a monarchic, social, and political system, dominated until the French Revolution on 1789. The Estates-General became the National assembly in 1798. After the Ancien Regime came a constitutional monarchy and that lasted for two years. From 1791 to 1792, France became a Legislative Assembly but due to war and a counter-revolution, France formed the First Republic. In 1794, the Thermidorian Regime, a revolutionary regime, voted for a new constitution. The following year a new constitution came into effect and created the Directory, France’s first bicameral legislature. It consisted of two houses, the Council of 500 and the Council of Elders. Napoleon then staged the coup of 18 Brumarie in 1799, that would then lead to his dictatorship 6 years later. (Nugen) - Who was Jacques Necker? (born September 30, 1732, Geneva—died April 9, 1804 Switzerland, Coppet,S), Swiss banker and director general of finance (1771–81, 1788–89, 1789–90) under Louis XVI of France. He was overpraised in his lifetime for his somewhat dubious skill with public finances and unduly deprecated by historians for his alleged vacillation and lack of statesmanship in the opening phases of the French Revolution (Olmos) - What were the significant events that occurred in France during the National Assembly? The national assembly was created by representatives of the third estate of the Estates-General. This was created because France needed a group of people to handle its financial crisis. The assembly was established in 13 of June 1789 until 9 July 1789. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was a declaration that guaranteed equal and inalienable rights for ALL of France. It also protected those rights from any government actions or legislations. The creation of this also led to minority groups within the empire fought to receive equal rights. From this it led to the Haitian Revolution. This assembly was formed to deal with the financial crisis after the French Revolution. The revolution was a time period which had radical social and political upheaval throughout France from 1789 to 1799. (Phillips) - What was the Commune of Paris?---> Paris Commune was a revoultionary and socialist government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March until 28 May, 1871. The killing of French army generals by soldiers of the Commune's National Guard and the refusal of the Commune to accept the authority of the French government led to its harsh suppression by the regular French army in "La Semaine sanglante" ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May, 1871. Debates over policies and outcomes of the Commune have significant influence on the ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. (Ponce) - What is the Hôtel de Ville, why is it important in understanding French history? The Hotel de Ville in Paris, France, is the building housing the city's local administration. Standing on the place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville (formerly place de Greve) in the city's IVe arrondissement, it has been the location of the municipality of Paris since 1357. The site of public uprisings (faire la greve = to strike), political rallies, executions and innumerable festivals and celebrations. The Hotel De Ville or Town Hall was originally a meeting place of the Water Merchants. Many of Paris' most dramatic events took place in the Place de Greve. This is where Ravaillac, Henri IV's murderer, was hung, drawn and quartered, and heretics were burned at the stake; where speeches were given, noblemen decapitated and crowds and revolutions gathered. This building was burned to the ground during the revolt of the Paris Commune in 1871, but was reconstructed according to original plans in 1882. (Raison) - What was the Women’s March on Versailles, and how did it impact French politics?

(Rajpurohit) - Who were the émigrés, and what impact did they have on French politics?
Is a person who migrated out of his home land. Usually because of political impacts or social exile. This applis to four different types of people 1. French Huegonauts 2. French refugees and former nobility 3. Russian immigrants 4.European aristocrats

(Rebotee) - What was the Bastille, and what events led to its storming?
The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, France. Kings of France used it as a state prison. Louis XIV used it to imprison the upper class French who had opposed him during events such as the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. As a result, it represented royal authority in the center of Paris and was a symbol of the abuses of the monarchy. It was stormed July 4, 1789. Reasons it was stormed: People wanted to arm themselves and believed that weapons could be found at the Bastille The Third Estate’s National Assembly was dismissed by the kind. Storming the Bastille was a way of rebelling

(Redburn) - What was the Great Fear?
(17 July – 3 August 1789)- In France at the start of the French Revolution These peasant rebellions helped cause a subsequent general panic known as the "Great Fear". Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring, and fueled by the rumors of an aristocrat "famine plot" to starve or burn out the population, peasant and town people mobilized in many regions. Fearful peasants armed themselves in self-defense and, in some areas, attacked Manor Houses. Fear of the peasant revolt was a deciding factor in the decision to abolish feudalism. The panic began in the Franche-Comté, spread south along the Rhône valley to Provence, east towards the Alps and west towards the center of France. Almost simultaneously, a panic began in Ruffec, south of Poitiers, and travelled to the Pyrenees, towards Berry and into the Auvergne. The uprising coalesced into a general 'Great Fear' as neighboring villages mistook armed peasants for brigands. Although the main phase of the Great Fear died out by August, peasant uprisings continued well into 1790, leaving few areas of France untouched. Although the Great Fear is usually associated with the peasantry, the uprisings tended to involve all sectors of the local community, including some elite participation, such as artisans or well-to-do farmers. Often the bourgeoisie had as much to gain from the destruction of the feudal regime as the poorer peasantry. As a result of the "Great Fear", on 4 August 1789, in an effort to appease the peasants and to forestall further rural disorders, the National Assembly formally abolished the "feudal regime", including seigneurial rights.

(Rivers) - How does the French Revolution impact the role of women in France?
french revolution allowed women to show their power against King Louis XVI, and helped the women begin to gain power. One example was the Women's March to Versailles. Women of all over France and mostly fisherman women, who were known for the courage, responded to Louis XVI's proclamation of increased bread, by demanding that the king and his administration move to Paris. The women thought that if Louis XVI moved back to Paris, it would show that he does care about his nation, though since Louis ignored the request, they still wanted him to return, so that they could limit and control the amount of authority that Louis XVI had. Finally, about 7,000 women joined a march to Versailles, the palace that Louis XVI lived, about 10 miles from Paris, They stormed the palace, while also killing several guards and ultimately took the King from his palace, and brought him back to Paris, while also carrying heads of the guards that they killed. This action showed the power that women had during the time, and their ability to attack the King and showed the revolutionary men that women had an equal place in society. (Romero) - What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and how does it reflect the influence of French women on the Revolution? The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that was issued in 1789. It defines the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm (social hierarchy) of the universe. The declaration was influenced by the doctring of "natural right," the rights of man are held to be universal (valid at all times and at all places). This document became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. The declaration was inspired in part by the American Revolution and was a core statement of the values of the French revolution. It also had a major impact on the development of liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide. The declaration recognized many rights, but only to the men, so the women took a stand and showed how they feeld by presenting the Women's Petition to the National Assembly (proposed a decree giving women equality). French revolution allowed women to show their power against King Louis XVI, and helped the women begin to gain power. One example was the Women's March to Versailles. Women of all over France and mostly fisherman women, who were known for the courage, responded to Louis XVI's proclamation of increased bread, by demanding that the king and his administration move to Paris. The women thought that if Louis XVI moved back to Paris, it would show that he does care about his nation, though since Louis ignored the request, they still wanted him to return, so that they could limit and control the amount of authority that Louis XVI had. Finally, about 7,000 women joined a march to Versailles. This action showed the power that women had during the time, and their ability to attack the King and showed the revolutionary men that women had an equal place in society. (Rue) - What was the Flight to Varennes, and how does it impact the French political landscape? The unsuccessful escape attempt by King Louis XVI of France, his wife Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family from Paris. They hoped to find asylum in Austria with Marie’s family and there they would plan their counter-revolution, however they were only able to make it to the small town of Varennes, where they were arrested after having been recognized. The king's attempted flight provoked the charges of treason which ultimately led to his execution in 1793 and allowed for the full rise of the First French Republic. At the same time, the king's failed escape attempt alarmed many other European monarchs, who feared that the revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries and result in instability outside France. Relations between France and its neighbors, already strained because of the revolution, deteriorated even further with some foreign ministries calling for war against the revolutionary government. (Russell) - What was the Jacobin Club? (Schaefer) - The Legislative Assembly was dominated primarily by three factions: the Feuillants, the Girondists, and the Jacobins? Who were these groups, and how did they impact French politics? -- The Feuillants-a split of Jacobins, they were created during the French Revolution and wanted to propose the idea of a constitutional monarchy and felt the revolution had done its job/The Jacobins-the original Jacobins that didn't join the Fuelliants, they wanted to take democratic actions, said the king couldn't be trusted, and thought the French Revolution hadn't quite gone far enough/The Girondists-they were created during the French Revolution and were the political rivals of the Jacobins, they wanted to end the monarchy but resisted the revolution and eventually were executed thus beginning the Reign of Terror (Schrop) - What were the significant accomplishments of the National Assembly? The National Assembly is an assemply in France that lasted from 1789 to 1791. It is the houses of parliament, composed of representatives from the Third Estate during the French Revolution. One of its major accomplishments was the adoption of The Decleration of Rights of Man and Citizens in 1789. This Declaration, upheld by the assembly, made everyone equal to the law, created eligability of everyone to run for public offices, and granted the freedom of speech and expression. It also denied the special privelages that the nobles and clergy previously enjoyed, stressing that taxes must be paid by all citizens. The National Assembly nationalized the church and granted religious freedom to the people of France. The new French Constituiton formed a constitutional monarchy and separated power between the legislative, judiciary, and executive branches. The National Assembly also introduced a jury system for court cases. The National Assembly was the first democratic constitution of France. (Siraphet) - How did the French people respond to the changes enacted by the Legislative Assembly? To begin with some background on what the Legislative Assembly was; it was a legislature that followed the National Assembly and was followed by the National Convention during the French Revolution. Within this Legislative Assembly, it consisted of the Feuillants, who were in defense of King Louis XIV, the ‘Rights’ and felt already that the revolutionary goals have already been met. Other the opposite side, there were the ‘Lefts’ that leaned towards a more radical, democratic side with most of the leaders of the party being from the Jacobin Club. An additional group was the Le Marais or the ‘Marsh’ for the reason that they took neither sides of the Feuillants or the Jacobin Club, so that they leaned towards more of the Left by the Jacobin Club, but supported proposals by the Feuillants. During this time, the Legislative Assembly made changes to the country by attempting to declare war against Austria, and reforming agrarian laws. From this, the people acted in great support with the inevitable possibility with foreign invasion to restore the monarchy and to lower the price of bread because of being threatened by foreigners and to satisfy the peasants and others of the Third Estate. (Sjostrom) - What was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the various governments of the French Revolution?

In August, 1789, the State cancelled the taxing power of the Church. The issue of church property became central to the policies of the new revolutionary government. Declaring that all church property in France belonged to the nation, confiscations were ordered and church properties were sold at public auction. In July 1790, the National Constituent Assembly published the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that stripped clerics of their special rights — the clergy were to be made employees of the state, elected by their parish or bishopric, and the number of bishoprics was to be reduced — and required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal, deportation or death. French priests had to receive Papal approval to sign such an oath, and Pius VI spent almost eight months deliberating on the issue. On April 13, 1791, the Pope denounced the Constitution resulting in a split in the French Catholic church. Abjuring priests ("jurors") became known as "constitutional clergy", and nonjuring priests as "refractory clergy". In September 1792, the Legislative Assembly legalized divorce, contrary to Catholic doctrine. At the same time, the State took control of the birth, death, and marriage registers away from the Church. An ever-increasing view that the Church was a counter-revolutionary force exacerbated the social and economic grievances and violence erupted in towns and cities across France. Anti-church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention, as well as by département councils throughout the country. Many of the acts of dechristianization in 1793 were motivated by the seizure of church gold and silver to finance the war effort. In November 1793, the département council of Indre-et-Loire abolished the word dimanche (English: Sunday). The Gregorian calendar, an instrument decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, was replaced by the French Republican Calendar which abolished the sabbath, saints' days and any references to the Church. As late as 1799, priests were still being imprisoned or deported to penal colonies and persecution only worsened after the French army led by General Louis Alexandre Berthier captured Rome and imprisoned Pope Pius VI, who would die in captivity in Valence, France in August 1799. Ultimately, with Napoleon now in ascendancy in France, year-long negotiations between government officials and the new Pope, Pius VII, led to the Concordat of 1801, formally ending the dechristianisation period and establishing the rules for a relationship between the Roman Church and the French State. (Tellez) - What was the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being? CULT OF REASON was a belief system established in France and intended as a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution dechristianisation of France was motivated by political and economic concerns but phplisophical causes such as the enlightenment helped as well Developed by Jacques Hébert, Antoine-François Momoro, Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, Joseph Fouché, and other radical revolutionaries. They formed a cult based on anti-Christian principles of the Enlightenment and anticlericalism. Their aim was to reach perfection of mankind through the attainment of Truth and Liberty. CULT OF THE SUPREME BEINGThe Cult of the Supreme Being was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic. The first major organized school emerged under the name of the Cult of Reason run by radicals like Jacques Hébert and Antoine-François Momoro, the Cult of Reason distilled a mixture of largely atheistic views intoan anthropocentric philosophy. No gods at all were worshiped in the Cult. In late 1793 Robespierre delivered a fiery denunciation of the Cult and its proponents and proceeded to give his own vision of proper Revolutionary religion Robespierre used the religious issue to publicly denounce the motives of many radicals and as an excuse to execute them during the revolution. (Theisen) - What is the Declaration of the Clergy, and how does it fundamentally change the role of government in France? (Thomas) - How did the rest of Europe respond to events of the French Revolution (particularly Austria)? The rest of Europe weren't that excited about the French Revolution, because France now posed a major threat to the rest of the European states. Basically, the French Revolution gave the common man a voice, created a democracy, and emphasized a sense of nationalism. The European powers were also worried about having a powerful republican state in their midst. The French Revolution also caused many other revolutions that attempted to install democracy in other European states. In Austria, Leopold II was determined to restore his sister, Marie Anttoinette, and her husband to the throne. Leopold II singed the Declaration of Pillnitz with Prussia, and it agreed to use force to maintain the monarchial goverment in France. Although he was against the democracy in France, Leopold II died before France declared war on Austria. (Weiss) - What was the Constitutional Crisis of 1792, and how was it resolved? The constitutional crisis of 1792 was a crisis in which the communes of Paris and the communes of other cities acted, in which they began the August massacres. The Paris commune began to rapidly kill the Swiss guards who were guarding the monarchy, then moving on to kill priests who were doing nothing wrong. The ultimate goal was to force a constitution change that would abolish the monarchy once and for all, establish a Republic where the commune would have high positions. Chaos persisted until the convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on 20 September 1792 and became the new de facto government of France. The next day it abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. The following day – 22 September 1792, the first morning of the new Republic – was later retroactively adopted as the beginning of Year One of the French Republican Calendar. (Wieland) - For what reasons were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed? FYI…who was Citizen Capet? _ I'm gonna break this question into 3 segments: Henry XVI's reasons for execution, Marie Antoinette's reasons for execution, Citizen Capet definition/explanation: Henry XVI's reasons for execution: • Revolutionaries seeking an egalitarian and oppressive society that Louis XVI did not provide • Louis XVI was seen as “overpowered” for his position and was portrayed as mistreating the lower classes which only caused further disputes • Louis XVI ruled under a constitutional monarchy for a while and this made other absolute monarchies in Europe nervous about losing their power • In addition to the fact that after the French Revolution occurred that made France appear weak, the Holy Roman Empire and the Prussians were declared war upon from France from this threat • Revolutionaries realized that these countries would try to make Louis XVI an absolute monarchy again, thus Louis XVI was convicted of high treason and then guillotined.) Marie Antoinette's reason's for execution: Like with Louis XVI, the revolutionaries wanted Marie to be executed for the same reason: they wanted an egalitarian and oppressive society So in addition to Louis XVI, they wanted her to be executed too She was seen as mean and destructive to the third party (peasantry) She was also falsely accused of creating the major French debt Executed because of all that, but her only real “crime” was that she was born an Austrian. Nothing else Citizen Capet definition/explanation: The House of Capet was the family from which Louis XVI came. The revolutionaries were using Louis' family name to emphasis that he was the same as everyone else. "Citizen" was the replacement used instead of all other respectful titles. Again, this was used to emphasis the equality of all people as opposed to the rigid divisions of society in pre-Revolutionary France. So he was seen as a sarcastic figure with a disrespectful name. (Xia) - What was the War in the Vendee? The war in the Vendee was a royalist revolution in the Vendee region of France during the French Revolution. Many civilians were massacred by the republic army. Some historians labeled it genocide. The rebellion started due to the mass conscriptions done by the army in febuary. There was a small militia dubbed the Vendee Militaire. The army had 2000 in numbers and used guerrilla tactics, supported by knowledge of the land provided by the citizens. The republic ansewered quickly, with 45,000 troups, these two armys fought it out for 2 years while the vendeans won small battle after small battle, the next stop in the vendeans track was Nantes. but the republic interferd once more, there was a decree that the entire city was to be razed, basically a campaign of mass killing. From January to May in 1794, 20,000 to 50,000 vendeans were killed. The revolution started in Convoy, it was also due to the strict catholic restraints that gave great civil unrest. The Vendeans failed to capture the city of Nantes. which then followed by two months of confused fighting. By autumn the government forces had been reinforced and placed under a unified command. They enemy had put their stuff together. On October 17 the main Vendéan army (about 65,000) was defeated at Cholet and fled north across the Loire, leaving only a few thousand men for Charette to continue resistance in the Vendée. (Yakubek) - What events led to the creation of the Committee of Public Safety? It replaced the Committee of General Defence andassumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion. It was created because... on April 5, 1793, the French military commander and former minister of war General Charles Francois Dumouriez defected to Austria. News of his defection caused alarm in Paris, where imminent defeat by the Austrians and their allies was feared. A widespread belief held that revolutionary France in immediate peril, threatened not only by foreign armies and by recent anti-revolutionary revolts in the Vendee, but also by foreign agents who plotted the destruction of the nation from within. The betrayal of the government by Dumouriez lent greater credence to this belief. In light of this threat, the Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposed the creation of a nine-member Committee of Public Safety. Isnard was supported in this effort by Georges Danton, who declared, "This Committee is precisely what we want, a hand to grasp the weapon of the Revolutionary Tribunal." So basically it was created because people were scared. Scared of the people that defected. And the dark. And Cheerios. (Anthony) - What was the Reign of Terror and why was it implemented? (Sept. 5, 1793 to July 27,1794) The Reign of Terror was a period of violence and mass executions of the enemies of the French Revolution. The conflict was aroused by a rivalry between political factions (Girondins and Jacobins). During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine became a symbol because of the many executions. War broke out among the French and foreign armies advanced into French territory creating a political crisis and increased tensions among political factions. Leaders of the Reign of Terror created the Committee of Public Safety to suppress internal counter-revolutionary activities. The Reign of Terror and the committee of Public Safety were used to create a massive population of support for the French Revolution by eliminating the opposition to increase the chances of the French citizens getting what they want. The Revolutionary Tribunal was a court of three judges who tried those guilty of opposition against the French Revolution. Maximilien de Robespierre, Jacques Danton, and Jean-Paul Marat are some of the main leaders of the Reign of Terror. (Arellano) - What was the Thermidorian Reaction? How did it alter the French political landscape? The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution. The events of Thermidor proved a watershed in the revolutionary process. The Thermidorian regime that followed became, at the very least, less rigid, ending the Reign of Terror and allowing for more individual liberty, especially in areas of religion. At the same time, its economic policies paved the way for rampant inflation. Ultimately, power devolved to the hands of the Directory, an executive of five men who assumed power in France in November 1795. (Baker) - What was the Directorate? How was it constitutionally different from preceding French governments? (Barner) - What were the significant accomplishments of the Directorate? It was established by the Constitution of Year III, which abolished the National Convention and set up the Directorate. While in power, they disregarded the Constitution and when the elections were not in their favor, they prolonged the war so they could stay in power. There were significant military victories made under Napoleon Bonaparte. Sanctioned the conquest of Egypt for Napoleon to keep him far away from the government. Ended in November 1799 from a coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in which Napoleon overran the Directorate and replaced it with the Consulate. (Bassett) -Why was the Directorate ultimately overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte?


 * Everything below this point was on the wiki before the catastrophic Bassett Deletion. Everything that appears above this point was stuff that y'all recovered and manipulated, not to mention the new info that was added. Is there some duplication? Count on it. If you want to re-edit your entry to eliminate any duplication, feel free. BUT only take care of your business and not someone else's. **

**AP European History **

**Review Sheet – The French Revolution **

__Directions __: Answer the following questions here on the wiki (or don’t). I advise you to be able to answer all of these questions with more than a couple of sentences? Why YES! You are ultimately responsible for all of this information, but unfortunately there is very little time to go over all of these items.


 * Identification **


 * (Anthony) - ** Triangular Trade

~system of trade that occurred during the colonial era in American History. The triangular trade was not an “official” or rigid system of trade, but instead a name that has been given to this triangular route of trade.

Triangular Trade


 * 1) New Englanders manufactured and shipped rum to the west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves.
 * 2) The slaves were taken on the “Middle Passage” to the West Indies where they were sold for molasses and money.
 * 3) The molasses would be sent to New England to make rum and start the entire system of trade all over again.




 * (Arellano) - ** Middle Passage- The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. Voyages on the Middle Passage were a large financial undertaking, and they were generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individuals


 * (Baker) - ** Diplomatic Revolution -

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War; the shift has also been known as "the great change of partners". The essence of the revolution was that Britain and Austria versus France and Prussia became France and Austria versus Britain and Prussia. It was part of the stately quadrille which saw a constantly shifting pattern of alliances throughout the 18th century.

The diplomatic change was triggered by a separation of interests between Austria, Britain, and France. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle after the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 left Austria aware of the high price it paid in having Britain as an ally. Maria Theresa of Austria had defended her claim to the Habsburg throne and had her husband, Francis Stephen, crowned Emperor in 1741, but she had been forced to relinquish valuable territory in the process. Under British diplomatic pressure, Maria Theresa had given up most of Lombardy and occupied Bavaria. The British further forced her to cede Parma to Spain, and more importantly, abandon the valuable state of Silesia to Prussian occupation. During the war, Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia had seized Silesia, one of the Bohemian crown lands. This acquisition had further advanced Prussia as a great European power, which now posed an increasing threat to Austria’s German lands, and to Central Europe as a whole. The growth of Prussian power, though dangerous to Austria, was welcomed by the British who saw it as a means of balancing French power.




 * (Barner) - ** War of Austrian Succession:


 * Instead of one big war which its name implies, the War of Austrian **


 * Succession (1740-1748) is just a combination of related wars that were occurring around the same time in Europe. The first of these wars began on December 16, 1740, when the King of Prussia, Frederick II, invaded Silesia, one of the richest Habsburg provinces, further providing evidence to the rest of Europe that the dominions of the Habsburgs were weak and could not militarily defend themselves. He defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in 1741 and went and overran Silesia. Then, France allied with Bavaria, Spain (later Saxony and Prussia) against the Austrians. Meanwhile, the Austrian ruler, Maria Theresa (because her father Charles VI was dead), formed an alliance with Britain, who feared that if France asserted its dominance over the continent, then they wouldn’t be able to establish a great colonial and commercial empire(one of the factors that led to the 1689-1815 “war” between France and England). The French and Bavarian assault on the Austrians failed because their fighting forces were not united and Austria took Bohemia (1742) and overran Bavaria, driving the opposing forces out of both. Austria’s allies further beat the French at the Battle of Dettingen (1743) and Savoy joined the side of the Austrians in the same year. In 1745, Charles VII died with his claims to Austrian succession, but his son, Maxilmilian III Joseph, gave away these rights for protection from Francis Stephen, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick II re-entered the war, and started the Second Silesian War, which was resolved by the Treaty of Dresden, which basically showed that the Prussians had control of Silesia. The financial burdens finally pushed the powers to settle with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 which preserved Austrian inheritance for Maria Theresa and kept Silesia in Prussian control. **


 * (Bassett) - ** Seven Years War

War- The seven years war took place between 1754 to roughly 1763 lasting about 9 years. The main conflict however lasted between 1756 and 1763, hence the name 7 years war. The war was started by the great powers in Europe antogonising each other over many different things. Great Britain with Spain and France over trade with the colonies in the Americas. Prussia and Austria over the struggle for the Holy Roman Empire. After the

War

of Austrian Succession all the major powers switched sides with each other. Prussia and Great Britain joined forces along with other smaller german states and later portugal. Then the Austrians, French, Sweden, Saxony, Spanish and Russia (in the Earlier stages) joined together against the Anglo-Prussians. In the latter parts of the war the Russians left the Austro-French alliance after the succession of Csar Peter III in 1762. The british Prime Minister did not want to start a war in 1756, he was actually very certain that war would not come. But after the French attacked the Brits in the mediterranean they could not have this. Also the Brits heard about some fights going on in the colonies and a new alliance being created between the Brits and the Prussians, The Prussians, led by Frederick II, attacked Saxony. In the early part of the year in 1757, Frederick took the initiative to attack Austria in the Kingdom of Bohemia and won a decisive victory. The war was a great success for Great Britain because they got a lot of land from France including Canada, all the land in America but did not take their sugar plantations in the Caribbean. They also gained Spanish florida, some land in the west indies and some other land. The War ended with the Treaty of Paris between Spain, France, and Great Britain. And the Treaty of Hebertusberg between Prussia, Saxony, and Austria.


 * (Bates) - ** William Pitt (the Elder) - He was prime minister for only 2 years, and he dominated British politics in the middle of the eighteenth century. A popular politician, his influence was so powerful that he effectively served as prime minister in all but name throughout the earlier premierships of the Duke of Devonshire and the Lord Newcastle. Because of this Pitt’s greatest achievements were made before he took the role of Prime Minister himself. He entered the House of Commons in 1735 as the Member of Parliament for Old Sarum, and became one of the ‘Boy Patriots’ who sought to bring down Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister before Pitt. He was an excellent public speaker, and used his talents to launch constant polotical attacks against Walpole. His career was defined by his refusal to fall in line, especially over matters of war and commerce. His first campaign, during Lord Newcastle’s premiership, was his encouragement of war with, rather than the appeasement of, Spain. He also criticised the way the wars were fought against Spain and then in the seven years war against France. He favoured a naval war as tactically more astute, as well as the conquest of the French colonies. Pitt believed the poor conduct of the war was due to the monarch’s attachment to Hanover, and to the resources and tactics being devoted to its protection. It is said that Pitt did not shirk from criticising the King’s interests, despite the criticism it brought him and the delay it caused in his progression to a position of power. Britain’s continuing military setbacks, however, gradually won other parliamentarians around to Pitt’s view. The Prime Minister, Lord Newcastle, would have preferred to control Pitt by having him in the government, but the King was deeply opposed to this. Continuing defeats saw Pitt brought in the following year, 1745, as Paymaster General which was an appointment intended to neutralise him. He married Lady Hester Grenville, sister of George Grenville, who was a stabilising influence. Pitt returned to Parliament in 1755, but his renewed attacks on military policy led to his dismissal. However, continued defeats at France’s hands appeared to support his opinions, and Lord Newcastle’s government fell. Under the Duke of Devonshire, Pitt directed the war as Secretary of State. He used only British troops, he enlarged the Navy and he made friendly propositions towards Prussia. In 1757 Lord Newcastle returned as Prime Minister in a alliance which saw Pitt keep his position as Secretary of State. The government was a successful one, though it saw Pitt dismissed for a period of 5 months before being reinstated. During Lord Newcastle’s premiership, Pitt made some of his greatest achievements in the area of foreign policy. He appreciated the relationship between war and trading success and chose his military campaigns to increase national trade. Conquering India, Canada, the West Indies and West Africa were all immensely beneficial to Britain’s merchants. He was the first minister whose main strength lay in the support of the nation at large as distinct from its representatives in the Commons, and who recognized the importance of public opinion. In 1766, he was given the chance to form his own administration as Prime Minister, but he struggled to maintain sufficient support in the Commons. He made errors of judgement with his appointments and with his acceptance of a peerage he became the Earl of Chatham. Pitt collapsed in the House of Lords in 1778 as his son, William Pitt ‘the Younger’, looked on, and died 4 days later. His whole life had been scarred by hereditary diseases and mental illness.


 * (Benavides) - ** William Pitt (the Younger)


 * 1759-18060
 * British Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-1806) youngest prime minister (24)
 * considerable influence in strengthing the office of Prime Minister
 * during the French Revolution and Napoleonic War, and the reign of George II
 * outstanding British administrator who worked for efficiency and reform.
 * raised taxes to pay for war against france
 * cracked down on radicalism


 * Chancellor of the Excheque (1804-1806)
 * (title held by British Cabinent minister who is responsible for all economic and finanical matters)


 * Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1792)
 * responsible for the return of all writs to the crown along with the collection of taxes and the arrest of criminals


 * Acts of Union (1800)
 * threat of Irish support for France
 * tried to get Catholic Emancipation as part of the union

Maupeou lived in retreat, still holding the office of Chancellor (abolished July 1,1790) until his death at Thuit (Eure) in 1792, having lived to see the overthrow of the // ancien régime //. His work, in so far as it was directed towards the separation of the judicial and political functions and to the reform of the abuses attaching to a hereditary magistrature, was subsequently endorsed by the Revolution. He had aimed at securing absolute power for Louis XV, but his intrigues and the violence of his judicial actions were in reality a serious blow to the monarchy. Appointed by Louis XV as chancellor in 1768 and ordered him to subdue judicial opposition ,abolished Parlement of Paris and members were exiled to isolated areas in the provinces, created new and docile parlement of royal officials, and taxed privileged groups again.
 * (Boboy) - ** René de Maupeou- was a French politician, chancellor of France, whose attempts at fiscal reform signalled the failure of enlightened despotism in France.
 * (Boyer) - ** The Bastille

The Bastille was a French prison. on July 14,1789, French commoners stormed the fortress, firing off the weapons they had stolen from the Hotel des Invalides.

The prison only contained seven inmates at the time of its storming but was a symbol of the abuses of the monarchy: its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. 98 attackers and 1 defender were killed in the Bastille invasion. After the attack was over, the rebels stabbed the govenor, cut off his head, and mounted it on a pike to be paraded around the city streets.


 * (Bratcher) - ** Parlement of Paris - this was also known as the " national assembly". This organization of government was created after king Louis the sixteenth had called together an assembly in 1789 to discuss taxation options for the country, since it was out into even greater debt after supporting the Americans in our revolution. Louis suggested that he increased the taxes but the bourigeoisie opposed this greatly along with many more people there. They voiced this decision in the tennis court oath. They eventually succeeded in gaining their political power from Louis and the estates general was then transformed into a parliament that was called the " national assembly."(1789)


 * (Brinlee) - ** Estates General


 * (Brown) - ** The Great Fear


 * (Cardoza) - ** Marie Antoinette


 * Born November 1755
 * Died October 1793
 * Archduchess of Austria
 * Dauphine of France from 1770 to 1774
 * Penultimate child of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I
 * When she married Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France
 * Belonged to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and House of Bourbon
 * Roman Catholic
 * When he husband, Louis XVI, got the crown after his father, Louis XV, died, she became the little Queen of France and of Navarre.
 * Mother of Marie-Therese Charlotte
 * Had four kids
 * Even though at first people liked her, later the people began to dislike her and accused her of spending money prodigiously and carelessly. The people also accused her of being to “soft” of French enemies, especially Austria, the country she was born in.
 * The Diamond Necklace Indecent (she was accused of defrauding the crown jeweler of the cost of a diamond necklace) ruined her reputation even more even though she had nothing to do with the crime.
 * Became known as Madame Deficit because she was blamed for the country’s financial crisis and for her careless spendings.
 * Eight months after Louis XVI (her husband) was executed, Antoinette was executed herself.
 * She is now part of pop culture and is the subject of many movies, books, and other type of media.
 * People now have different views on her. Some say that she was treated unjustly and are sympathetic and some see her as the one that started the French Revolution.


 * (Carroll) - ** Maximillian Robespierre -

A French Revolution leader, Maximillien de Robespierre was involved in many important events throughout his life time (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794)

With a role model of Rousseau, Robespierre was a very opinionated and powerful young man, voicing many ideas for The Declaration Of the Rights of Man, becoming involved in what is known as the Jacobin Club, being elected to the National Convention, and eventually influenceing the death of Louis XVI and the destruction of the Girondists. Shortly after Louis' execution however, Robespierre began what was known as the Reign of Terror, where acts of terror were an acceptable legal tool to keep populations from getting unruly. This Reign ended when Robespierre left the National Convention due to Illness, came back, and guillotined multiple members and their followers, turning his eyes away from the populations, but instead to the Church. Robespierre wished to purify the Catholic Church, renaming God to "The Supreme Being". This radical behavior didnt fly with most people, and Robespierre was eventually shot in the jaw, arrested, then guillotined.


 * (Consolver) - ** __Louis__ XVI


 * (Coville) - ** Jacobins


 * (Craver) - ** Girondist


 * (Dam) - ** Sans Culottes - Radical left-wing partisans of the lower classes, usually were urban labourers, who were in the French revolution. They were out-classed and out-gunned but the made up the most part of the revolutionary army in the early years of the French Revolution. They believed in popular democracy, social and economic equality, affordable food, rejection of the free-market economy, and vigilance against counter-revolutionaries. Around the early 1790's at their peak of influence they provided large support behing 2 factions of the Paris Commune, the Enrages and the Hebertists. They also provided support for the more violent events of the revolution like the September massacres and supported the Committee of Public Safety and the bloody Reign of Terror.


 * (Davis) - ** National Assembly

During the French Revolution, the National

Assembly

(French: Assemblée nationale), which existed from June 13, 1789 to July 9, 1789, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on Sept. 30, 1791) it was known as the National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante), though popularly the shorter form persisted. Major events/Stuff:


 * __ June 20, 1789 National Assembly members take Tennis Court Oath, pledging to create new constitution __
 * __ The August Decrees: __



Though few deaths among the nobility were reported, the National Assembly, which was meeting in Versailles at the time, feared that the raging rural peasants would destroy all that the assembly had worked hard to attain. In an effort to quell the destruction, the assembly issued the August Decrees, which nullified many of the feudal obligations that the peasants had to their landlords. For the time being, the countryside calmed down.


 * __ The Tennis Court Oath: __



Three days after splitting from the Estates-General, the delegates from the Third Estate (now the National Assembly) found themselves locked out of the usual meeting hall and convened on a nearby tennis court instead. There, all but one of the members took the Tennis Court Oath, which stated simply that the group would remain indissoluble until it had succeeded in creating a new national constitution. Upon hearing of the National Assembly’s formation, King Louis XVI held a general gathering in which the government attempted to intimidate the Third Estate into submission. The assembly, however, had grown too strong, and the king was forced to recognize the group. Parisians had received word of the upheaval, and revolutionary energy coursed through the city. Inspired by the National Assembly, commoners rioted in protest of rising prices. Fearing violence, the king had troops surround his palace at Versailles.


 * __ The National Assembly and the Church: __



Over the next two years, the National Assembly took a number of progressive actions to address the failing economy and tighten up the country. A number of them targeted the Catholic Church, which was at the time one of the largest landholders in France. To jump-start the economy, the state in February 1790 confiscated all the church’s land and then used it to back a new French currency called the assignat. In the beginning, at least, the assignat financed the Revolution and acted as an indicator of the economy’s strength. A short time later, in July 1790, the French Catholic Church itself fell prey to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a decree by the National Assembly that established a national church system with elected clergy. The country was divided into eighty-three departments, each of which was governed by an elected official and represented by an elected bishop. The voting for these positions was open to anyone who met certain relatively lenient criteria, such as property ownership.


 * __ The Assembly’s Tenuous Control: __



Despite the National Assembly’s progress, weaknesses were already being exposed within France, and the Great Fear and the women’s march on Versailles demonstrated that perhaps the assembly didn’t have as much control as it liked to think. The revolution that the assembly was overseeing in Paris was run almost exclusively by the bourgeoisie, who were far more educated and intelligent than the citizens out in the country. Although the August Decrees helped assuage the peasants’ anger, their dissatisfaction would become a recurring problem. The differing priorities that were already apparent foreshadowed future rifts. Most notable among the assembly’s controversial priorities was its treatment of the churches. Although France as a whole was largely secular, large pockets of devoutly religious citizens could be found all over the country. By dissolving the authority of churches, especially the Catholic Church—a move that greatly angered the pope—the assembly seemed to signal to the religious French that they had to make a choice: God or the Revolution. Although this was likely not the case, and certainly not the assembly’s intent, it nevertheless upset many people in France.


 * (Diver) - ** Legislative Assembly

The Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1791 to September 1792 under the French Constitution of 1791, between the National Assembly and the National Convention. Members of the previous National Assembly were banned from being members, so it was a largely politically-inexperienced body. The Assembly consisted of two main groups: the Right, or the Feuillants, who supported a constitutional monarchy and believed the Revolution had achieved its goal, and the Left, or Jacobins, who were far more radical in wanting a complete abolishment of the monarchy. At this point, King Louis XVI still held some power and hoped that a military defeat at the hands of France’s neighbors could restore his absolute power. However, once it became clear that the Jacobins and monarchy were irreconcilable, the Legislative Assembly stripped Louis of his power after finding him guilty of conspiring with their enemies and passed a resolution creating the National Convention, a new legislative body elected by universal suffrage.


 * (Do) - ** Directorate


 * held in France from 1795-1799
 * consisted of a body of of five directors that held executive power after the National Convention
 * split into two time periods: First Directory and Second Directory
 * occured after the Reign of Terror which was led by Robespierre and Jacobin
 * were highly unpopular and stayed in power only by prolonging the war and through the army
 * military successes sustained their power in 1976
 * the directory ended with the coup d'état in November 9, 1799 by Napolean Bonaparte who started the consulate


 * (Edward) - ** Ancien Regime


 * (Elizondo) - ** Cahiers


 * The lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789. Their compilation was ordered by King Louis XVI, in order to give each of the Estates the chance to express their hopes and grievances directly to the King. They were explicitly discussed at a special meeting of the Estates-General held on 5 May 1789. The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.
 * The cahiers were not meant as a direct challenge to the Old Regime, rather as suggestions of reforms. Still, the writing of the cahiers forced people to think about the problems that France faced, and how they wanted them fixed. The political discussions that raged throughout France were a direct challenge to the current system, as they gave the people a voice, and subsequently were used to guide the elected representatives in what to discuss at the Estates General, adding to a revolutionary air of expectation of the Estates General.
 * The Cahiers of the First Estate reflected the interests of the parish clergy : They called for an end to bishops holding multiple dioceses, and demanded that commoners be allowed to become bishops. In return they were prepared to give up the financial privileges of the Church. They were not, however, prepared to give up the dominant position that the Church held over the other two Estates, nor did they intend to allow Protestant religious practices. They wanted to keep Roman Catholicism the only official religion in France.
 * Cahiers of the Second Estate – the Nobility : Much of the nobility proved quite liberal, voting that they were willing to give up their financial privileges. Where up until now, they had been against the idea of the commoners entering their ranks they were finally accepting of the fact that Academic Merit, rather than the position held by a man because of his birth, should be the requirements to hold certain offices. They also attacked the government for being out of date, and unjust.
 * Cahiers of the Third Estate – the Peasants and Middle Class: The cahiers of the Third Estate spoke out mainly against the financial privileges held by the two other Estates; both being exempt from most taxes (the church tithe and the king’s tax). They also wanted to have a fair voting system in the Estates-General.


 * (Elphick) - **

__ Bourgeoisie- __ derived from the old French word burgesis(walled city),which came from Bourg(market town). Is the term labeled upon the capital(means of production) owning middle class, that originated in high middle ages (period after 1000a.d. ).17th -18th century bourgeoisie wealth reflected in its politically mobile stature, openly supporting __ constitional goverment __ , __ natural right __ while remaiming against __ law of priviledge __ and __ divine right. __ the english civil war caused partly because of desire of bourgeoisie to get rid of royal trappling upon of their personal liberty, commercail rights ,and ownership of property. Which often found themselves exploiting the __ proletariat __ (working class).Often related to __ hedonist __ ideals of persuit of pleasure. __ Underlined key terms __


 * (Eubank) - ** Marquis de Lafayette

Lafayette was born in Auvergne, France on September 6, 1757. He was a French Military officer and Aristocrat. He was a general in the American Revolutionary War under George Washington. He was a leader of Grande Nationale during French Revolution. He influenced Louis XVI to create the Edict of Versailles of 1787 during the French Revolution. Along with help from Thomas Jefferson, they wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies under the Charter of 1815, but during the Bourbon Restoration, he became a liberal member of it. He received honorary United States Citizenship because of his help during the American Revolutionary War. He was known as “The Hero of the Two Worlds” for his help in France and the United States.


 * (Evans) - ** Jean - Paul Marat


 * (Feagan) - ** Georges Danton

(October 26, 1759—April 5, 1794)


 * A leader in the French Revolution against Louis XVI
 * First President of the Committee of Public Safety
 * Was not a big proponent of the Reign of Terror; voted to give the Committee of Public Safety dictatorial powers but did not intend for all of its power to be used for terror
 * Because of this, several other political leaders such as Maximillian Robespierre himself didn’t like him, and had him executed for financial corruption without even a real trial




 * (Fisher) - ** The Republican Calendar


 * (Franco) - ** King Leopold I- He was the founder of the Belgian line of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His children included Leopold II of Belgium and Carlota of Mexico, Empress-Consort of Maximilian I of Mexico. He was a maternal uncle and adviser of Queen Victoria. He was elected on 4 June, accepted, and became "King of the Belgians" on 26 June 1831. He swore allegiance to the constitution in front of the Church of Saint Jacques-sur-Coudenberg at Coudenbergh Place in Brussels on 21 July 1831. This day became the Belgian national holiday. Jules Van Praet would become his personal secretary. In 1842, Leopold tried unsuccessfully to pass laws to regulate female and child labor. A wave of revolutions passed over Europe after the deposition of his father-in-law, King Louis-Philippe, from the French throne in 1848. Belgium remained neutral, mainly because of Leopold's diplomatic efforts.


 * (French) - ** Jacques Necker

As a young boy Jacques was born in Neumark, as he grew he published law books and was sent to the bank of Issac Vernet because of his superior skills. Through careful speculation he became extremely wealthy. He co founded the bank of Genevese, the famous bank of Thellusson with his father's friend. He soon fell in love with Madame Necker, she encouraged him to become a public speaker where he then was granted french east india company. Being a shareholder he was gifted even more money than he already had. He was later granted the director of finances because of his protestant faith - he could not be a ruler. During the revolution he was seen as a "savior" Although he tried to stop the revolution he could not prevent the effects of it.


 * (Harper) - ** Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès


 * (Hunt) - ** Tennis Court Oath-- The Tennis Court Oath was an agreement signed by the 576 members of the third estate on 20 June 1789 . They signed it in a tennis court because they were locked out of an Estates General meeting. This was a pivotal event during the French Revolution that changed the course of the revolution. The oath stated that the "National Assembly" would not stop meeting until a constitution had been written.


 * (Jenkins) - ** Charlotte Corday

Charlotte Corday was opposed to the radical nature of the French Revolution. She began to sympathize with the Girondins, who had a less severe approach to the revolution, as opposed to the Montagnards. Corday agreed with the Girondins’ ways and just like them, had a sense of disdain for the Mountain(group of the Montagnards). The Mountain was a radical faction of the Jacobin Club; people who held prominent roles in this group were men such as Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, Maximilien de Robespierre. Corday decided to assassinate Jean-Paul Marat, and she was executed for doing so.


 * (Jones) - ** Tuileries Palace

The ** Tuileries Palace ** was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs from Henry IV to Napoleon III, until it was destroyed in the upheaval of the Paris Commune in 1871.

Built in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres. Since the destruction of the Tuileries, the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden, forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper.


 * (Keithley) - ** Declaration of Pillnitz

-issued on 27 August 1791 near Saxony

-declared suppourt from the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia against French revolutionaries

-Although intended to enforce the king's power, resulted in the exact opposite: the ignition of the French Revolution

*interpreted by revolutionaries as a declaration of war on behalf of the empires

*resulted in the campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars

-linked Austira into war should any other nation go to war with France


 * (Killough) - ** Madame Roland


 * (King) - ** Olympe de Gouges- (7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793) Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings were very popular. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, de Gouges became increasingly politically involved. She became an outspoken advocate for improving the condition of slaves in the colonies as of 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps best known as an early feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male–female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her close relationship with the Girondists.



( ** Knox) - ** Jacques - Louis David

He was a French Neoclassical painter, at first he stared as Rococo but later changed his style. Later became an active member of the French Revolution and was best buddies with Maximillian Robespierre and the Jacobin club. During his time he was the director of the French art department in the French Republic, but when Maximillian died was sent to jail. When Napoleon came to power he started to pain his romantic style of works, including Bonaparte. Some of his most notable works are “The Tennis Court Oath”, “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”, “Christ on the Cross.” His passion For the Revolution helps him portray the emotions of Rocco and Romantic.


 * Review Questions **


 * 1) ** (Kossia) - ****Europe is rocked by a series of global wars during the eighteenth century. Who fought in these conflicts, what were their national goals, and what were the results**


 * American ** **Revolution - French & Murikah vs Brits (Murikan Idependence)**

"The Seven Years' War was a global military war between 1756 and 1763, involving most of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. In the historiography of some countries, the war is alternatively named after combats in the respective theaters: the French and Indian War (North America, 1754–63), Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia, 1757–62), Third Carnatic War (Indian subcontinent, 1757–63), and Third Silesian War (Prussia and Austria, 1756–63)."


 * 1) ** (Laughlin) - **What is the Pragmatic Sanction?
 * 2) ** (Lee, J.) - **What were the political and economic impacts of the Duel for North America on all of the following: England, France, and Spain? Both France, Spain and certainly England were able to beneifit economically from North America. France established Quebec in the north which was known as New France. From this territory, France profited off of its most valuable resource, beavers. Fur trapers in Norh America hunted beavers and other small animals for there fur, which was highly valued in Europe where it was incorperated into fashion. France also profited from several other territories in what is now the U.S. includeing New Orleans and parts of Illinois where grain was produced. The first battles among European power for control of North America were King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in with terms signed at Utrecht, France and Spain were terribly beaten. Britain received Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and trading rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkins's Ear started in 1739 between the British and Spaniards and it ended in 1748 with a treaty that returned Louisbourg back to France, much to the dismay of the victorious New Englanders.
 * 3) ** (Lee, K.) - **How does America benefit from conflict in Europe from 1750 to 1850? (and yes I do realize the answer to this question is extensive)

The conflict in Europe allows America to benefit very much. In North America, the American Revolution was raging around the late eighteenth century. The British government was attempting to tame the colonists in the Americas. Although the British military was one of the strongest militaries in the entire world at the time, the weak unprofessional Americans won the revolution because of the conflict in Europe from 1750 to 1850.

The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) was a competition between Britain and France to acquire territory in Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, and India. After an exhaustive war, Britain won, but Britain spent much money in the war. Thus, Britain did not have as much money as they would have in fighting the Americans. Additionally, the war rendered France to become very jealous and angry at Britain because Britain won much land. Thus, the French allied with the Americans after the victory at the Battle of Saratoga to help the Americans win. Also, the British made some serious military blunders.

Not only did the Americas benefit politically through independence, the Americas benefited economically from the Seven Years’ War. The conflict and tension between France and Britain was for trade rights. Thus, between 1715 and 1785, Britain’s trade with North America rose from 19 to 24% of its total trade. The British North American colonies grew rapidly, increasing to 1.7 million by 1760.


 * 1) ** (Linton) - **What are the consequences of the Seven Years War and the American Revolution for the nations of Europe?
 * 2) ** (Looney) - **How does Colbert’s policy of mercantilism in the French North American colonies impact both France and its colonial efforts?
 * 3) ** (Macneill) - **Compare the North American colonial ventures of Spain, France and Britain differ? How does that affect political developments in Europe during the Eighteenth century?

**Britain** – The British colonies were set up for a combination of reasons, ranging from people searching for religious freedom, to people who just wanted to own land. The British government used them to their advantage though, utilizing them as a means for Britain to get more money. They laws limiting the type of trade and manufacturing could be done in the colonies, along with depriving them of a voice in British Parliament. This later resulted in the American Revolution.

**France** – France set up colonies primarily in modern day Eastern Canada, such as Quebec and Montreal. They also built forts throughout the central United States, known as Louisiana. These territories were later broken up after the seven years’ war, with the Canadian territories becoming British. In these Northern colonies, fur trading was a common means for earning a living, as the belts of Beavers and other small animals sold for large amounts overseas.

**Spain** – Spain primarily set up their settlements in modern day Mexico and the lower western United States, along with owning Florida (as a result of the search for the fountain of youth). They set up mission and converted many Native Americans to Catholicism.

> The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France,and they saw the revolution as an opportunity to strip Britain of their North American possessions in retaliation for France's loss of Canada a decade before. Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle, volunteers joined the American army, with the plan to destroy the British.
 * 1) ** (Martinez) - **Several European monarchs died in the mid - Eighteenth century, how did that impact political developments in Europe and the North America?
 * 2) ** (Matafadi) - **Why does France involve itself in the American Revolution? What does France hope to gain from its involvement in the conflict? The French goal was to weaken Britain, both to keep it from getting too powerful and to exact revenge for the defeat in the Seven Year's War.
 * 1) ** (McCutchan) - **Who lost the American Revolution and who won and why? The Americans won against the British because the French greatly supported the finances throughout the war, many troops were willing to die for their country which resulted in more of a ‘nothing to lose’ attitude while in battle, and they won the most crucial of battles instead of an overall majority of them. Britain had other priorities with the rest of the world and could not just solely focus on America at the time and they were also an ocean away from the war and could not easily support the effort with supplies or make rapid decisions. The British also used very inaccurate weaponry and many of their troops switched back-and-forth from supporting the British side to the American side throughout the war if they weren't getting paid. Ultimately, the British lost to the Americans during the American Revolution because they weren't focused and the troops weren't as motivated as the American troops were to win the war because they lacked an ultimate goal, whereas the Americans had their hearts set on their freedom from Britain.
 * 2) ** (Measom) - **What is the impact of the American Revolution on France in particular and on the West in general?

The American Revolution had a tremendous effect on Europe. It not only served as an inspiration for France, but also demonstrated that the liberal political ideas of the Enlightenment were more than mere utterances of intellectuals. By declaring independence, America demonstrated that it was possible to overthrow “old regimes”. This was the first time a colony had rebelled and successfully asserted its rights to self-government and nationhood. This inspired many European nations and colonies to revolt.

In addition, the United States had created a new social contract in the form of its Constitution, in which they realized the ideas of Enlightenment.


 * The natural rights of man
 * The ideas of liberty
 * Equality
 * Freedom of religion

This made the bourgeoisie of Europe reconsider their own government and monarchic systems. The culmination of all these factors was seen in the French Revolution, where the revolutionaries formed their own slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”. Europeans obtained information about the American Revolution from soldiers returning from America. French soldiers returned to France with ideas of individual liberty, popular sovereignty and the notion of republicanism.

The American Revolution was seen by many in South America as a good example of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic society (later, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the US Constitution).

> **1762:** Rousseau's Social Contract **1769:** Napoleon Bonaparte born in Ajaccio, Corsica
 * 1) ** (Mendez) - **How do Enlightenment ideals impact the French Revolution?
 * 2) ** (Monteith) - **What significant social, political, economic, and cultural events occurred in France during the 1780s? The majority of the population of France was made up of commoners, who resented the privileges enjoyed by the nobles and clergy. In addition, the growth of new ideas during the 18th century's Enlightment resulted in thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau beginning to question the principles of the old regime and absolutism. These thinkers spoke of a liberal society that enjoyed free commerce. They also championed equal rights and the abolition of the class system. The notion of revolution was further encouraged by Frenchmen who had been exposed to the ideas behind the American Revolution. In 1789 the crisis came to a head. On July 14th, a Parisian mob revolted and stormed the Bastille prison, which was seen as a symbol of political oppression. The French revolution had begun. On the August 26, 1789 the revolutionaries issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man which embodied the principles of Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité, and was meant to end the class system. During the Revolution, Louis XVI was guillotined, along with scores of moderates and radicals, at the Place de la Revolution (now the Place de la Concorde). [|Robespierr]and his Committee of Public Safety brought brought on the Reign of Terror in France.

**1774:** Louis XVI becomes king **1778-83:** The kingdom supports the American Revolution **1789:** French Revolution, storming of La Bastille **1792:** Louis XVI tried for treason and convicted; monarchy abolished **1793:** Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette are guillotined in Paris **1794:** Robespierre overthrown and end of Reign of Terror


 * 1) ** (Moreno) - **What is the //Ancien Régime// ?
 * 2) ** (Nachtergaele) - **Why does Louis XVI call the Estates General? What other course of action could Louis have taken? Louis XVI was in deep trouble as the French economy dwindled to almost causing the complete destruction of the country due to previous spendings on war and luxuries. He could have made his own decisions, but his options included hiring taxes and other related things, and to make the population of France agree to that, he would have to give them more power which would lead to a decrease in his power. He definitely did not want this to happen. He then decided to call the Estates General, since the First and Second Estates could easily over-rule the Third Estate so he would get what he wanted and not look bad. This all went wrong however when the Third Estate decided to become its own group and then rebel and overthrow the government!!
 * 3) ** (Nguyen, N.) - **Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette. Why did he do it, how does that impact France, and why would Louis’s marriage to a Hapsburg be so distressing to the French people?
 * 4) ** (Nguyen, T.) - **What were the various governments of France from 1780 to 1799? At the beginning of 1780, France was an “Ancien Regime”, a monarchic, social, and political system, dominated until the French Revolution on 1789. The Estates-General became the National assembly in 1798. After the Ancien Regime came a constitutional monarchy and that lasted for two years. From 1791 to 1792, France became a Legislative Assembly but due to war and a counter-revolution, France formed the First Republic. In 1794, the Thermidorian Regime, a revolutionary regime, voted for a new constitution. The following year a new constitution came into effect and created the Directory, France’s first bicameral legislature. It consisted of two houses, the Council of 500 and the Council of Elders. Napoleon then staged the coup of 18 Brumarie in 1799, that would then lead to his dictatorship 6 years later.
 * 5) ** (Nugen) - **Who was Jacques Necker? (born September 30, 1732, Geneva—died April 9, 1804 Switzerland, Coppet,S), Swiss banker and director general of finance (1771–81, 1788–89, 1789–90) under Louis XVI of France. He was overpraised in his lifetime for his somewhat dubious skill with public finances and unduly deprecated by historians for his alleged vacillation and lack of statesmanship in the opening phases of the French Revolution
 * 6) ** (Olmos) - **What were the significant events that occurred in France during the National Assembly?  The national assembly was created by representatives of the third estate of the Estates-General. This was created because France needed a group of people to handle its financial crisis. The assembly was established in 13 of June 1789 until 9 July 1789. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen  was a declaration that guaranteed equal and inalienable rights for  ALL  of France. It also protected those rights from any government actions or legislations. The creation of this also led to minority groups within the empire fought to receive equal rights. From this it led to the Haitian Revolution. This assembly was formed to deal with the financial crisis after the  French Revolution  . The revolution was a time period which had radical social and political upheaval throughout France from 1789 to 1799.
 * 7) ** (Phillips) - **What was the //Commune// of Paris?---> Paris Commune was a revoultionary and socialist government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March until 28 May, 1871. The killing of French army generals by soldiers of the Commune's National Guard and the refusal of the Commune to accept the authority of the French government led to its harsh suppression by the regular French army in "La Semaine sanglante" ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May, 1871. Debates over policies and outcomes of the Commune have significant influence on the ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.
 * 8) ** (Ponce) - **What is the Hôtel de Ville, why is it important in understanding French history? The Hotel de Ville in Paris, France, is the building housing the city's local administration. Standing on the place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville (formerly place de Greve) in the city's IVe arrondissement, it has been the location of the municipality of Paris since 1357. The site of public uprisings (faire la greve = to strike), political rallies, executions and innumerable festivals and celebrations. The Hotel De Ville or Town Hall was originally a meeting place of the Water Merchants. Many of Paris' most dramatic events took place in the Place de Greve. This is where Ravaillac, Henri IV's murderer, was hung, drawn and quartered, and heretics were burned at the stake; where speeches were given, noblemen decapitated and crowds and revolutions gathered. This building was burned to the ground during the revolt of the Paris Commune in 1871, but was reconstructed according to original plans in 1882.
 * 9) ** (Raison) - **What was the Women’s March on Versailles, and how did it impact French politics?
 * 10) ** (Rajpurohit) - **Who were the //émigrés//, and what impact did they have on French politics?

Is a person who migrated out of his home land. Usually because of political impacts or social exile. This applis to four different types of people

1. French Huegonauts

2. French refugees and former nobility

3. Russian immigrants

4.European aristocrats


 * 1) ** (Rebotee) - **What was the Bastille, and what events led to its storming?
 * 2) The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, France. Kings of France used it as a state prison. Louis XIV used it to imprison the upper class French who had opposed him during events such as the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. As a result, it represented royal authority in the center of Paris and was a symbol of the abuses of the monarchy . It was stormed July 4, 1789. Reasons it was stormed:
 * People wanted to arm themselves and believed that weapons could be found at the Bastille
 * The Third Estate’s National Assembly was dismissed by the kind. Storming the Bastille was a way of rebelling
 * People wanted to arm themselves and believed that weapons could be found at the Bastille
 * The Third Estate’s National Assembly was dismissed by the kind. Storming the Bastille was a way of rebelling


 * 1) ** (Redburn) - **What was the Great Fear? (17 July – 3 August 1789)- In France at the start of the French Revolution These peasant rebellions helped cause a subsequent general panic known as the "Great Fear". Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring, and fueled by the rumors of an aristocrat "famine plot" to starve or burn out the population, peasant and town people mobilized in many regions. Fearful peasants armed themselves in self-defense and, in some areas, attacked Manor Houses. Fear of the peasant revolt was a deciding factor in the decision to abolish feudalism. The panic began in the Franche-Comté, spread south along the Rhône valley to Provence, east towards the Alps and west towards the center of France. Almost simultaneously, a panic began in Ruffec, south of Poitiers, and travelled to the Pyrenees, towards Berry and into the Auvergne. The uprising coalesced into a general 'Great Fear' as neighboring villages mistook armed peasants for brigands. Although the main phase of the Great Fear died out by August, peasant uprisings continued well into 1790, leaving few areas of France untouched. Although the Great Fear is usually associated with the peasantry, the uprisings tended to involve all sectors of the local community, including some elite participation, such as artisans or well-to-do farmers. Often the bourgeoisie had as much to gain from the destruction of the feudal regime as the poorer peasantry. As a result of the "Great Fear", on 4 August 1789, in an effort to appease the peasants and to forestall further rural disorders, the National Assembly formally abolished the "feudal regime", including seigneurial rights.
 * 2) ** (Rivers) - **How does the French Revolution impact the role of women in France? f rench revolution allowed women to show their power against King Louis XVI, and helped the women begin to gain power. One example was the Women's March to Versailles. Women of all over France and mostly fisherman women, who were known for the courage, responded to Louis XVI's proclamation of increased bread, by demanding that the king and his administration move to Paris. The women thought that if Louis XVI moved back to Paris, it would show that he does care about his nation, though since Louis ignored the request, they still wanted him to return, so that they could limit and control the amount of authority that Louis XVI had. Finally, about 7,000 women joined a march to Versailles, the palace that Louis XVI lived, about 10 miles from Paris, They stormed the palace, while also killing several guards and ultimately took the King from his palace, and brought him back to Paris, while also carrying heads of the guards that they killed. This action showed the power that women had during the time, and their ability to attack the King and showed the revolutionary men that women had an equal place in society.
 * 3) ** (Romero) - What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and how does it reflect the influence of French women on the Revolution?** The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that was issued in 1789. It defines the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm (social hierarchy) of the universe. The declaration was influenced by the doctring of "natural right," the rights of man are held to be universal (valid at all times and at all places). This document became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. The declaration was inspired in part by the American Revolution and was a core statement of the values of the French revolution. It also had a major impact on the development of liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide. The declaration recognized many rights, but only to the men, so the women took a stand and showed how they feeld by presenting the Women's Petition to the National Assembly (proposed a decree giving women equality). French revolution allowed women to show their power against King Louis XVI, and helped the women begin to gain power. One example was the Women's March to Versailles. Women of all over France and mostly fisherman women, who were known for the courage, responded to Louis XVI's proclamation of increased bread, by demanding that the king and his administration move to Paris. The women thought that if Louis XVI moved back to Paris, it would show that he does care about his nation, though since Louis ignored the request, they still wanted him to return, so that they could limit and control the amount of authority that Louis XVI had. Finally, about 7,000 women joined a march to Versailles. This action showed the power that women had during the time, and their ability to attack the King and showed the revolutionary men that women had an equal place in society.
 * 4) ** (Rue) - **What was the Flight to Varennes, and how does it impact the French political landscape? The unsuccessful escape attempt by King Louis XVI of France, his wife Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family from Paris. They hoped to find asylum in Austria with Marie’s family and there they would plan their counter-revolution, however they were only able to make it to the small town of Varennes, where they were arrested after having been recognized. The king's attempted flight provoked the charges of treason which ultimately led to his execution in 1793 and allowed for the full rise of the First French Republic. At the same time, the king's failed escape attempt alarmed many other European monarchs, who feared that the revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries and result in instability outside France. Relations between France and its neighbors, already strained because of the revolution, deteriorated even further with some foreign ministries calling for war against the revolutionary government.
 * 5) ** (Russell) - **What was the Jacobin Club?
 * 6) ** (Schaefer) - **The Legislative Assembly was dominated primarily by three factions: the Feuillants, the Girondists, and the Jacobins? Who were these groups, and how did they impact French politics? -- The Feuillants-a split of Jacobins, they were created during the French Revolution and wanted to propose the idea of a constitutional monarchy and felt the revolution had done its job/The Jacobins-the original Jacobins that didn't join the Fuelliants, they wanted to take democratic actions, said the king couldn't be trusted, and thought the French Revolution hadn't quite gone far enough/The Girondists-they were created during the French Revolution and were the political rivals of the Jacobins, they wanted to end the monarchy but resisted the revolution and eventually were executed thus beginning the Reign of Terror
 * 7) ** (Schrop) - **What were the significant accomplishments of the National Assembly? The National Assembly is an assemply in France that lasted from 1789 to 1791. It is the houses of parliament, composed of representatives from the Third Estate during the French Revolution. One of its major accomplishments was the adoption of The Decleration of Rights of Man and Citizens in 1789. This Declaration, upheld by the assembly, made everyone equal to the law, created eligability of everyone to run for public offices, and granted the freedom of speech and expression. It also denied the special privelages that the nobles and clergy previously enjoyed, stressing that taxes must be paid by all citizens. The National Assembly nationalized the church and granted religious freedom to the people of France. The new French Constituiton formed a constitutional monarchy and separated power between the legislative, judiciary, and executive branches. The National Assembly also introduced a jury system for court cases. The National Assembly was the first democratic constitution of France.
 * 8) ** (Siraphet) - **How did the French people respond to the changes enacted by the Legislative Assembly? To begin with some background on what the Legislative Assembly was; it was a legislature that followed the National Assembly and was followed by the National Convention during the French Revolution. Within this Legislative Assembly, it consisted of the Feuillants, who were in defense of King Louis XIV, the ‘Rights’ and felt already that the revolutionary goals have already been met. Other the opposite side, there were the ‘Lefts’ that leaned towards a more radical, democratic side with most of the leaders of the party being from the Jacobin Club. An additional group was the  Le Marais  or the ‘Marsh’ for the reason that they took neither sides of the Feuillants or the Jacobin Club, so that they leaned towards more of the Left by the Jacobin Club, but supported proposals by the Feuillants. During this time, the Legislative Assembly made changes to the country by attempting to declare war against Austria, and reforming agrarian laws. From this, the people acted in great support with the inevitable possibility with foreign invasion to restore the monarchy and to lower the price of bread because of being threatened by foreigners and to satisfy the peasants and others of the Third Estate.
 * 9) ** (Sjostrom) - **What was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the various governments of the French Revolution?
 * 10) ** (Tellez) - **What was the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being?
 * 11) CULT OF REASON
 * was a belief system established in France and intended as a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution
 * dechristianisation of France was motivated by political and economic concerns but phplisophical causes such as the enlightenment helped as well
 * Developed by Jacques Hébert, Antoine-François Momoro, Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, Joseph Fouché, and other radical revolutionaries. They formed a cult based on anti-Christian principles of the Enlightenment and anticlericalism. Their aim was to reach perfection of mankind through the attainment of Truth and Liberty.
 * 1) CULT OF THE SUPREME BEINGThe Cult of the Supreme Being was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic.
 * The first major organized school emerged under the name of the Cult of Reason run by radicals like Jacques Hébert and Antoine-François Momoro, the Cult of Reason distilled a mixture of largely atheistic views intoan anthropocentric philosophy. No gods at all were worshiped in the Cult.
 * In late 1793 Robespierre delivered a fiery denunciation of the Cult and its proponents and proceeded to give his own vision of proper Revolutionary religion
 * Robespierre used the religious issue to publicly denounce the motives of many radicals and as an excuse to execute them during the revolution.

> • Louis XVI was seen as “overpowered” for his position and was portrayed as mistreating the lower classes which only caused further disputes > • Louis XVI ruled under a constitutional monarchy for a while and this made other absolute monarchies in Europe nervous about losing their power > • In addition to the fact that after the French Revolution occurred that made France appear weak, the Holy Roman Empire and the Prussians were declared war upon from France from this threat > • Revolutionaries realized that these countries would try to make Louis XVI an absolute monarchy again, thus Louis XVI was convicted of high treason and then guillotined.) > Marie Antoinette's reason's for execution: Like with Louis XVI, the revolutionaries wanted Marie to be executed for the same reason: they wanted an egalitarian and oppressive society  Citizen Capet definition/explanation: The House of Capet was the family from which Louis XVI came. The revolutionaries were using Louis' family name to emphasis that he was the same as everyone else. "Citizen" was the replacement used instead of all other respectful titles. Again, this was used to emphasis the equality of all people as opposed to the rigid divisions of society in pre-Revolutionary France. So he was seen as a sarcastic figure with a disrespectful name. > The Reign of Terror was a period of violence and mass executions of the enemies of the French Revolution. The conflict was aroused by a rivalry between political factions (Girondins and Jacobins). During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine became a symbol because of the many executions. War broke out among the French and foreign armies advanced into French territory creating a political crisis and increased tensions among political factions. Leaders of the Reign of Terror created the Committee of Public Safety to suppress internal counter-revolutionary activities. The Reign of Terror and the committee of Public Safety were used to create a massive population of support for the French Revolution by eliminating the opposition to increase the chances of the French citizens getting what they want. The Revolutionary Tribunal was a court of three judges who tried those guilty of opposition against the French Revolution. Maximilien de Robespierre, Jacques Danton, and Jean-Paul Marat are some of the main leaders of the Reign of Terror.
 * 1) ** (Theisen) - **What is the Declaration of the Clergy, and how does it fundamentally change the role of government in France?
 * 2) ** (Thomas) - **How did the rest of Europe respond to events of the French Revolution (particularly Austria)? ** The rest of Europe weren't that excited about the French Revolution, because France now posed a major threat to the rest of the European states. Basically, the French Revolution gave the common man a voice, created a democracy, and emphasized a sense of nationalism. The European powers were also worried about having a powerful republican state in their midst. The French Revolution also caused many other revolutions that attempted to install democracy in other European states. In Austria, Leopold II was determined to restore his sister, Marie Anttoinette, and her husband to the throne. Leopold II singed the Declaration of Pillnitz with Prussia, and it agreed to use force to maintain the monarchial goverment in France. Although he was against the democracy in France, Leopold II died before France declared war on Austria. **
 * 3) ** (Weiss) - **What was the Constitutional Crisis of 1792, and how was it resolved?   The constitutional crisis of 1792 was a crisis in which the communes of Paris and the communes of other cities acted, in which they began the August massacres. The Paris commune began to rapidly kill the Swiss guards who were guarding the monarchy, then moving on to kill priests who were doing nothing wrong. The ultimate goal was to force a constitution change that would abolish the monarchy once and for all, establish a Republic where the commune would have high positions. Chaos persisted until the convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on 20 September 1792 and became the new de facto government of France. The next day it abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. The following day – 22 September 1792, the first morning of the new Republic – was later retroactively adopted as the beginning of Year One of the French Republican Calendar.
 * 4) ** (Wieland) - **For what reasons were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed? FYI…who was Citizen Capet? _ I'm gonna break this question into 3 segments: Henry XVI's reasons for execution, Marie Antoinette's reasons for execution, Citizen Capet definition/explanation: Henry XVI's reasons for execution: • Revolutionaries seeking an egalitarian and oppressive society that Louis XVI did not provide
 * So in addition to Louis XVI, they wanted her to be executed too
 * She was seen as mean and destructive to the third party (peasantry)
 * She was also falsely accused of creating the major French debt
 * Executed because of all that, but her only real “crime” was that she was born an Austrian. Nothing else
 * 1) ** (Xia) - **What was the War in the Vendee?
 * 2)  The war in the Vendee was a royalist revolution in the Vendee region of France during the French Revolution. Many civilians were massacred by the republic army. Some historians labeled it genocide. The rebellion started due to the mass conscriptions done by the army in febuary. There was a small militia dubbed the Vendee Militaire. The army had 2000 in numbers and used guerrilla tactics, supported by knowledge of the land provided by the citizens. The republic ansewered quickly, with 45,000 troups, these two armys fought it out for 2 years while the vendeans won small battle after small battle, the next stop in the vendeans track was Nantes. but the republic interferd once more, there was a decree that the entire city was to be razed, basically a campaign of mass killing. From January to May in 1794, 20,000 to 50,000 vendeans were killed. The revolution started in Convoy, it was also due to the strict catholic restraints that gave great civil unrest.
 * 3)  The Vendeans failed to capture the city of Nantes. which then followed by two months of confused fighting. By autumn the government forces had been reinforced and placed under a unified command. They enemy had put their stuff together. On October 17 the main Vendéan army (about 65,000) was defeated at Cholet and fled north across the Loire, leaving only a few thousand men for Charette to continue resistance in the Vendée.
 * 4) ** (Yakubek) - **What events led to the creation of the Committee of Public Safety? It replaced the Committee of General Defence andassumed its role of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion. It was created because... on April 5, 1793, the French military commander and former minister of war General Charles Francois Dumouriez defected to Austria. News of his defection caused alarm in Paris, where imminent defeat by the Austrians and their allies was feared. A widespread belief held that revolutionary France in immediate peril, threatened not only by foreign armies and by recent anti-revolutionary revolts in the Vendee, but also by foreign agents who plotted the destruction of the nation from within. The betrayal of the government by Dumouriez lent greater credence to this belief. In light of this threat, the Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposed the creation of a nine-member Committee of Public Safety. Isnard was supported in this effort by Georges Danton, who declared, "This Committee is precisely what we want, a hand to grasp the weapon of the Revolutionary Tribunal." So basically it was created because people were scared. Scared of the people that defected. And the dark. And Cheerios.
 * 5) ** (Anthony) - **What was the Reign of Terror and why was it implemented? (Sept. 5, 1793 to July 27,1794)
 * 1) ** (Arellano) - **What was the Thermidorian Reaction? How did it alter the French political landscape? The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution. The events of Thermidor proved a watershed in the revolutionary process. The Thermidorian regime that followed became, at the very least, less rigid, ending the Reign of Terror and allowing for more individual liberty, especially in areas of religion. At the same time, its economic policies paved the way for rampant inflation. Ultimately, power devolved to the hands of the Directory, an executive of five men who assumed power in France in November 1795.
 * 2) ** (Baker) - **What was the Directorate? How was it constitutionally different from preceding French governments?
 * 3) ** (Barner) - **What were the significant accomplishments of the Directorate?
 * It was established by the Constitution of Year III, which abolished the National Convention and set up the Directorate.
 * While in power, they disregarded the Constitution and when the elections were not in their favor, they prolonged the war so they could stay in power.
 * There were significant military victories made under Napoleon Bonaparte.
 * Sanctioned the conquest of Egypt for Napoleon to keep him far away from the government.
 * Ended in November 1799 from a coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in which Napoleon overran the Directorate and replaced it with the Consulate.


 * 1) ** (Bassett) - **Why was the Directorate ultimately overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte?