Napoleon+and+The+Congress+of+Vienna

**Review Sheet – Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna ** __Directions __: Answer the following questions here on the wiki (or don’t). I advise you to be able to answer all of these questions with more than a couple of sentences? Why YES! You are ultimately responsible for all of this information, but unfortunately there is very little time to go over all of these items. Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich was a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. One of his first tasks was to engineer a détente with France that included the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian Arch-Duchess Marie Louise. Soon after, however, he engineered Austria's entry into the War of the Sixth Coalition on the Allied side, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna which divided post-Napoleonic Europe between the major powers. In recognition of his service to the Austrian Empire he was raised to the title of Prince in October 1813. Under his guidance, the "Metternich system" of international congresses continued for another decade as Austria aligned herself with Russia and, to a lesser extent, Prussia. This marked the high point of Austria's diplomatic importance, and thereafter Metternich slowly slipped back into the periphery of international diplomacy. At home, Metternich also held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848, under both Francis I and his son Ferdinand I. After a brief period of exile in London, Brighton and Brussels that lasted until 1851, he returned once more to the Viennese court, this time to offer only advice to Ferdinand's successor, Franz Josef. Having outlived his generation of politicians, Metternich died at the age of 86 in 1859.
 * AP European History **
 * Identification **
 * (Jones) - ** Klemens von Metternich

-1769-1821 -9 November 1799 -- coup led by Napoleon to overthrow the Directory and replace it with the French Consulate *established Napoleon as Emperor of France -abolished feudalism and moved toward religious tolerance *Napoleonic Code (1804): outlawed birthright privileges, allowed freedom of religion, and assigned government jobs based upon ability and suitability -initiated Napoleonic Wars *main figureheads were the French empire and Great Britain, with other countries forced into involvement *mass conscription led to highly modernized and effective armies *mainly successful in favour of the French, but the failed attack against //Russia in 1812// created turning point against them *Napoleon was initially defeated in 1814, returned, and was finally silenced in 1815 at Waterloo *lasting results were the fall of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of nationalism in the Germanic and Italian provinces
 * (Keithley) - ** Napoleon Bonaparte

**(Killough) - The Directorate **
The French directorate also known as the French Directory is five directors that held executive power during the last phase of the French Revolution (November 1795 to November 1799). It was created by the French Constitution of 1795. When it was created the nation was tired of violence and fighting and it was thought that the revolution would be over soon. But during the time of the directorate the late atrocities of the war made goodwill between the parties nearly impossible and the directory felt impelled to keep their predominance. The Directory disregarded the terms of the constitution and prolonged the war to stay in power after the elections went against them. On November 9th 1799, Napolean Bonaparte returned to France and overthrew the Directorate which was then replaced with the Consulate. ===**(King) - ** Pope Pius VII- (14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823) was a Pope from 14 March 1800 to his death in 1823. He was also a monk, theologian, and bishop. When he joined his religious order, he took the name of Gregorioin. In his life he was able to negotiate the Concordat of 1801 with the First Consul Napoleon. While not effecting a return to the old Christian order, the treaty did provide certain civil guarantees to the Church, acknowledging "the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion" as that of the "majority of French citizens". The main terms of the concordat between France and the pope included:===

> . ===
 * ===A proclamation that "Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French" but was not the official religion, maintaining religious freedom, in particular with respect to Protestants.===
 * ===The papacy had the right to depose bishops (this made little difference, because the French government nominated them).===
 * ===The state would pay clerical salaries and the clergy swore an oath of allegiance to the state.===
 * ===The church gave up all claims to church lands that were taken after 1790.===
 * ** The Sabbath was reestablished as a "festival", effective Easter Sunday, 18 April 1802 **


 * (Knox) - **Czar Alexander

Czar of Russia during the Napoleonic Wars, and joined Napoleon’s Continental System, before the war. He was raised by his grandmother Catherine the Great //(Horses)// and implemented some of the principles Rousseau wrote about during the French Revolution. After Catherine died his father, Paul 1, came into power but was a terrible leader and was assassinated. Alexander is mostly recognized for helping in the defeat of Napoleon, Napoleon attacked the Russians after a non-aggression pack, but lost due to the fact that you never attack Russia during the winter.


 * (Kossia) - **Adm. Horatio Nelson

Born 29th September 1758 at Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk. At the age of 12 Nelson joined HMS//Raisonable//, as Midshipman, and within a few years he had served in an Arctic expedition, and spent almost three years on the East Indies station. Shortly after he returned to England, he was made acting Lieutenant of HMS //Worcester// on 26th September 1776, and Lieutenant of HMS//Lowestoft// on the 10th April 1777. Nelson then undertook active service in North America, during the War of American Independence (1775-82). It was during this period that Nelson was promoted Commander of the brig HMS //Badger//, thus at the age of twenty, he became a Post-Captain, with an immediate opportunity to distinguish himself on active service. On 11th June 1779 he was appointed Captain of HMS //Hitchingbroke//, and was sent to Nicaragua as the senior officer in command of a joint expedition to attack the Spanish fort at San Juan, as Spain had joined the French in support of the American colonists. The fort was captured, largely due to the initiative and leadership of Nelson. At the end of this action Nelson was struck down with fever and had to return to England to recover. Once he recovered he sailed for the North American Station in command of HMS //Albermarle//, in which he served until the end of the war. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In 1784, he undertook his only peacetime commission as a captain. He served in the West Indies in HMS //Boreas//, and suppressed the illicit trade between the West Indies and the former American colonists. It was here that in 1787 he married Frances Nesbit. He returned home a few months later, but was unable to receive a command of another ship, due to peacetime reductions in the navy. He was then on half pay for five years, living mainly in Norfolk with his wife and stepson, Josiah.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In 1793 with the outbreak of the French Revolutionary wars Nelson was given command of HMS//Agamemnon//, and appointed to Lord Hood’s fleet, which was to serve in the Mediterranean. He undertook service inshore and on blockade duties, mainly off the coast of Italy. He helped the army to secure Corsica from the French, and on the 10th July 1794, during the successful siege of Calvi, (19th June - 10th August 1794), Nelson was blinded in the right eye from enemy shot.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In 1795 Nelson distinguished himself in the actions of 13th-14th March and 13th July against the French fleet. He was promoted Commodore and left the Agamemnon for the larger HMS //Captain//. On the 14th February 1797 Nelson played a prominent role in the battle of Cape St. Vincent, when Sir Jervis’s fleet fought a larger but operationally inferior Spanish fleet. During the battle, Nelson took his ship out of the line of battle to attack a group of Spanish ships. Four were taken as prizes. Nelson led a boarding party that captured two ships the //San Nicholas// and //San Josef//, and personally received the surrender of a number of Spanish officers. Six days after the battle he was promoted Rear Admiral of the Blue; he was also awarded the Knight Commander of the Bath for his courage and skill in battle, and given the honorary rank of Colonel of Marines.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In July 1797 Nelson’s expedition to capture a Spanish treasure ship at Santa Cruz, Tenerife was repulsed, and Nelson was so seriously wounded in his right arm, it had to be amputated, and he was invalided home. Nelson remained home until April 1798. On his recovery, he rejoined Jervis’s fleet off the Portuguese coast, on board HMS //Vanguard//, and was given command of a detached squadron. The individual captains of this squadron became collectively known as the ‘band of brothers’. They were to search for and destroy the French fleet, known to be about to sail from the French Mediterranean ports under the command of Napoleon, for an unknown destination.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">On the way to Toulon to watch the movements of this French fleet, the //Vanguard// was dismasted in a severe gale off Sardinia. It took four days for the ship to be refitted, and by the time Nelson reached Toulon the French fleet had sailed. Nelson then sailed down the west coast of Italy in search of news of the French fleet, but found none. When Nelson heard of the fall of Malta, he was convinced that the French destination was Egypt, and took his fleet to the eastern Mediterranean, but still found no French fleet. He had, in fact, passed the fleet during the night just before they reached their destination. Nelson then sailed to Sicily to replenish supplies, and once again returned to the eastern Mediterranean, and this time found the French fleet at anchor in Aboukir Bay, on the Nile. On the night of 1st August 1798, Nelson annihilated all but four of the French fleet, in what was to be known as the Battle of the Nile. Nelson was slightly wounded in the right temple during this action.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">After the battle Nelson took his squadron to Naples, where he was hailed as the saviour of Italy, and taken care of by Sir William Hamilton, the British minister, and his wife Emma. Nelson was awarded many honours for his success during the battle: on the 6th November 1798 he was created Baron of the Nile and Burnham Thorpe, and on the 14th February 1799 he was promoted Rear-Admiral of the Red. Whilst in Italy, Nelson became involved in the affairs of Naples, encouraging King Ferdinand to act against the French. This advice was disastrous. The King was driven from the mainland of Italy and took refuge in Sicily under Nelson’s protection. It is here that the liaison between Nelson and Emma Hamilton began. During this period Nelson was instrumental in the hanging of the republican Commodore Franceso Caracciolo, who had been captured at the surrender of the Neopolitan republican forces, and shortly after this episode Nelson, whose presence in Italy was no longer needed, was recalled to England. He travelled home across Europe, in company with the Hamiltons, and was feted everywhere, due to his decisive victory over the French.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">He arrived at Great Yarmouth in November 1800, and was appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue on 1st January 1801. Almost immediately after his return, he was appointed second-in-command to Admiral Parker, on an expedition to the Baltic, to defeat a coalition of northern powers, under the leadership of Paul I, Tsar of Russia. Against Admiral Parker’s instruction, Nelson led a squadron to attack the Danish fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen, on 2nd April 1801, and arranged the terms of the resultant armistice with Denmark. When the circumstances of the action were known at the Admiralty, Admiral Parker was recalled and Nelson made Commander-in-Chief, on the 5th May 1801, and created Viscount of the Nile and Burnham Thorpe on the 22nd May. As the northern coalition had now ended, there was no further need for Nelson’s services in the Baltic, and he returned to England.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">On the 24th July 1801, he was appointed to Commander-in-Chief of the inshore forces designed to protect the country from invasion. On 16th May 1803 Nelson was appointed to the command of the Mediterranean Fleet, with [|**HMS //Victory//**] as his flagship. For the next two years, his duty was to keep a permanent blockade on Toulon. This was to prevent the French squadron in that port from escaping to join forces with the rest of the Franco-Spanish fleet. In April 1805, Admiral Villeneuve escaped Toulon and was ordered by Napoleon to the West Indies to take command of a combined Franco-Spanish fleet. The purpose was to secure temporary command of the English Channel that would enable the French army to cross for an assault on Britain.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Nelson was in England when he learnt of the Franco-Spanish fleet’s arrival in Cadiz. Nelson received orders to return to the Mediterranean, and arrived off Cadiz at the end of September 1805, where he immediately began to plan for the inevitable battle. On 21st October 1805, the battle of Trafalgar was fought, between Nelson’s fleet of twenty-seven British ships and the Franco-Spanish fleet of thirty-three ships. Nelson won a decisive victory, but was fatally injured during the battle, by a French sniper shot, and died later that day at the age of forty-seven. He was buried at St. Paul’s Cathedral on the 9th January 1806. Nelson wrote his [|**last prayer**] before the battle

Arthur Wellesley was a British soldier, Statesman, a native of Ireland from the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy, and one of the leading military and political leaders in the 19th century. He is so important in national history that he is often referred to as the “Duke of Wellington” instead of the “1st Duke of Wellington.” He is overshadowing the heirs to Duke and also the current Duke right now. Wellesley was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army. He served in Ireland as aide-de-camp to 2 successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons. A colonel by 1796, Wellesley saw warfare in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799. He won many battles over there as well. Wellesley rose to prominence during the peninsular campaign of the Napoleonic wars as general. Wellesley was promoted even higher to field marshal after he led the allied forces to victory over the French. Following Napoleon’s exile, he served as the ambassador of France and also granted dukedom. Wellesley is famous for his adaptive defensive styles in warfare and extensive planning before battles. This allowed him to choose the battlefield and force his enemy to come to him instead. This resulted in lots of victories and minimized his losses. Many of his tactics are still studied in military academies around the world. He was the British Prime Minister twice and oversaw the passage of the Catholic Relief act of 1829. However, he was unable to stop the passage of the Reform Act in 1832. He continued as one of the leaders in the House of Lords until his retirement, and stayed Commander-in-Chief until his death.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Laughlin) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Duke of Wellington


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, J.) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Jena

The Battle of Jenna, 1806, occured during the Napoleonic Wars and was fought between the French versus the Prussians and Saxons, in Saxony, which is now modern Germany. In the battle, Napoleon defeated the Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great, which resulted in the large reduction of Prussia at the treaty of Tilsit in July 1807. Before the war, Fredrick William III of Prussia signed a secret alliance with Russia in July 1806. In October the Prussian-Saxon army, led by Charles William Ferdinand, moved towards Saxony in order to threaten Napoleon’s communications to the wewestern communications. Napoleon advanced to cut the Prussians off from the Elbe River and engage them before Russia could join them. On October 14, Napoleon, struck at Jena. At Auerstadt, the other French force encountered the main Prussian army. The French were victoriuos in both engagements and Napoleon completed his conquest of Prussia before Russia could aid France.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Lee, K.) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Borodino

The Battle of Borodino occurred in 1812. It was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the French invasion of Russia and the Napoleonic Wars. This is because it involved more than 250,000 troops and 70,000 people perished. The French Grande Armée under Emperor Napoleon I attacked the Imperial Russian Army of General Mikhail Kutuzov near the village of Borodino. They eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield. However, the French failed to destroy the Russian army. About a third of Napoleon's soldiers were killed or wounded! Although many Russian soldiers died also, they could be replaced by the large forces of militia in the Russian Army and replacement depots that were close by. Also they had already been gathering and training troops!

The battle itself ended with the Russian Army out of position. Because the French army was exhausted and did not know where the Russian armies were, Napoleon remained on the battlefield with his army instead chasing after those Russians. Also, because Napoleon did not utilize his Imperial Guard, he lost his singular chance to destroy the Russian army. The battle at Borodino was a pivotal point in the campaign, as it was the last offensive action fought by Napoleon in Russia. By withdrawing, the Russian army preserved its combat strength, eventually allowing it to force Napoleon out of the country.

The battle of Trafalgar was fought during the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 to 1815. The Napoleonic wars were the series of wars between napoleons French empire and opposing coalitions led by other European countries that despised the French. The wars were sparked by the French revolution. The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval battle fought between the British royal navy against the French and Spanish. The British Navy led by the Admiral Lord Nelson defeated the French and Spanish ships under French admiral Pierre Charles Villeneuve. The defeat confirmed the naval supremacy that Britain had established. During the war the French were the dominant land military power in Europe. The French controlled the land and the British controlled the seas. The British imposed a naval blockade on France which kept the French from mobilizing their own naval resources. In order to defeat the British Napoleons naval plan was for French and Spanish fleets to break through the blockade and join forces in the Caribbean. The French failed.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Linton) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Austerlitz
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Looney) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Battle of Trafalgar


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Macneill) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Waterloo - (June 18, 1815) The Battle of Waterloo was fought between the French army under the command of Napoleon, and the Seventh Coalition, consisting of Anglo-allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher. The battle is most notable because it ended Napoleon’s reign over France and brought peace to Europe for the next couple of decades. The primary reasons for the France’s defeat were lack communication and cooperation between troops, leading to their strategies being poorly executed.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Martinez) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Francisco Goya- A spanish romantic painter and printmaker and was known as one of the last [|Old Masters] as one of the first modern painters. Was a court painter for the spanish throne and documented the war while in Madrid and did many portraits of the Kings and Queens that ruled. Going from Joseph Bonaparte, Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Matafadi) - ** Haitian Revolution- (1791–1804) was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which started in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic Of Haiti.The Haitian Revolution was the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state. It is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred and is a defining moment in the history of both Europe and the Americas. The rebellion began with a revolt of black African slaves in August 1791. It ended in November 1804 with the French defeat at the battle of Vertières. Haiti became an independent country on January 1, 1804.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(McCutchan) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Toussaint L’Overture- (1743 - 1803) a miltary genius that transformed the entire society of slaves into the independant nation of Haiti through leading the Haitian Revolution. He also lead the French slave rebellion of Saint Domingue as a free black man. Eventually, he gained controll over his rivals and was able to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue by developing a large and powerful army, using paid labour to restore the plantation system, and negotiating trade treaties with the United States and Britan. In 1801, he was placed as govenor for life and a year afterwards he was forced to resign to restore French authority. His Haitian Revolution continued for 8 months after his death until 1804 under his lieutenant, Dessalines.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Measom) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Arc de Triumph

first entered history when, in 1805, Napoleon I renamed the army that he had assembled on the French coast of the English Channel for the proposed invasion of Britain. It never achieved its primary goal, as Napoleon had to re-deploy it east in order to eliminate the threat of Austria and Russia, which were part of the Third Coalition assembled against France.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Mendez) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Concordat of 1801- Was a treaty between Pope Cius the 7th and Napoleon where it solidified the Catholic Church with France. Napoleon did this because a majority of the population were Catholics whom resided in rural areas, because in the urban areas the philosophes and the enlightenment were really taking their toll on France and its infrastructure. So by winning the majority by "making nice-nice" with the Pope he gained the Catholics of France support which he could slowly gain the Philosophe and enlightenment thinkers support in the long run, because once you have the majoirty its easier to get the rest. So it was strategic for Napoleon to do this in order to unify France and really unleash Frances full potential.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Monteith) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grand Armee -

Thereafter, the name was used for the principal French army deployed in the Campaigns of 1805 and 1807, where it got its prestige, 1809, 1812, and 1813–14. In practice, however, the term "Grande Armée" is used in English to refer to all of the multinational forces gathered by Napoleon in his campaigns of the early 19th century.

The first Grande Armée consisted of six corps under the command of Napoleon's marshals and senior generals. When Napoleon discovered that Russian and Austrian armies were preparing to invade France in late 1805, the Grande Armée was quickly ordered across the Rhine into Southern Germany, leading to Napoleon's victories at Ulm, Austerlitiz and Jena.

The army grew in size as Napoleon's might spread across Europe. It reached its maximum size of 600,000 men at the start of the invasion of Russia in 1812. All contingents were commanded by French generals, except for a Polish and an Austrian corps. The huge multinational army marched slowly eastwards, with the Russians falling back before it. After the capture of Smolens and victory in the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon and a part of the Grande Armée reached Moscow on 14 September 1812; however, the army was already drastically reduced due to the numbers killed and wounded in battles with the Russians, disease, desertion and long communication lines. The army spent a month in Moscow, but was ultimately forced to march back westwards. Assailed by cold, starvation and disease, and constantly harassed by Cossacks and Russian irregulars, the Grande Armée was utterly destroyed as a fighting force. Only 120,000 men survived to leave Russia. Of these 50,000 were Austrians, Prussians and other Germans, 20,000 Poles and 35,000 Frenchmen. As many as 380,000 died in the campaign.

Napoleon led a new army to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in 1813, in the defence of France in 1814 and in the Waterloo campaign in 1815, but the Napoleonic French army would never regain the heights of the Grande Armée in June 1812.

The Concert of Eurpoe was an alliance of European Countries who work together and agreed on things in 1814 - 1914. Also known as "The Congress System", It was the balance of power form the end of Napolenic Wars to World War 1. Austria, Prussia, Russian Empire, and the UK were members of the allience that defeated Napoleon and his french empire. The Concert of Europe has no writted rules or permanent institutions, but at time of crisis, a member can propose a conference. ITs effectiveness came to an end due to the rise of nationalism, the unification of Germany and the Risorgimento in Italy, and the Eastern Question and other important factors.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Moreno) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Viscount Robert Castlereagh
 * A secretary of foreign affairs for Britain from 1811-1822
 * His mentor was William Pitt
 * He projected the idea of a Congress System in the Congress of Vienna
 * The Congress system was to meet approximately every two years to discuss any European affairs
 * This system he had created crashed in 1822 due to different opinions of many European countries, including the general people of Britain.
 * He committed suicide in 1822 due to his insanity.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nachtergaele) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Charles Talleyrand --> Charles was a foreign affairs minister for France up until the Estates General. At that point, he had taken the side of the new National Assembly and quit his job working for the French government. Soon after he was excommunicated by the pope, he ran off to Britain to try and persuade the government into not going bad, but sadly failed. He then moved to the US basically just to find refuge, but then returned to France in 1796 when it was 'safe' again, and the government was stable enough again for him to work there.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nguyen, N.) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Concert of Europe


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nguyen, T) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">100 Days
 * AKA Napoleon’s Hundred Days of Hundred Days of Napoleon
 * Period between Napoleon’s exile to Elba and Louis XVIII’s return to the throne
 * The War of the Seventh Coalition, the Waterloo Campaign and the Napoleonic Wars
 * Congress of Vienna was sitting
 * Napoleon made an outlaw by Paris, Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom
 * When Napoleon was captured he was exiled to the island of Saint Helen
 * He died there in 1821

The War of Third Coalition was a European conflict from the years 1803 to 1806. During this war France and its client states under Napoleon I defeat the alliance of Austria, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon was prepared to fight the war following the 1st Coalition in 1797. And a 2nd Coalition was formed in 1798 but it was defeated by 1801. This leaves Britain the only enemy of the new French Consulate. In 1802 France and Britain agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens. For the 1st time in ten years all of Europe was at peace! But as time went by both sides started facing problems making the treaty increasingly difficult. Russian and Austrian armies had many characteristics of ancien regime. They were preparing to bring down Napoleon and his empire. Many battles were fought but France throughout remains victorious.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Nugen) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2nd Coalition
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Olmos) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3rd Coalition

--> The Fourth Coalition was a group consisting of Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, Sicily, and Great Britain who fought against Napoleon multiple times before. The Coalition was defeated and as a result the Treaty of Tilsit was created, Prussia lost half of its territory, The Duchy of Warsaw was created, there became a Franco-Russian Alliance, and the promulgation of the Continental System. They began fighting again in 1808 in the Peninsular War and continued in 1809 with the creation of the Fifth Coalition. Elba is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy. The island was well known from very ancient times for its iron resources and its valued mines. After being passed around for centries between the Romans, the Republic of Pisa and Lords of Piombino. It was briefly in the possession of Cosmo de Medici but then returned in 1577. In 1596 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and had two fortresses built there. In 1802 the island became a French possession, and its economy flourished. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Although he was nominally sovereign of Elba, the island was patrolled by the British Royal Navy. During the months Napoleon stayed on the island, he carried out a series of economic and social reforms to improve the quality of life, partly to pass the time and partly out of a genuine concern for the well-being of the islanders. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days. He returned to France on February 26, 1815 for the Hundred Days. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy. Elba was liberated from the Germans by the French 1er Corps d'Armée on June 17, 1944 in Opération Brassard. Faulty intelligence and strong defences made the battle more difficult than expected.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Phillips) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4th Coalition
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Ponce) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Elba:


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Raison) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">St. Helena- This island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean was named after St. Helena of Constantinople. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of St Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. This island measures 16km by 8km (10mi by 5mi) and a population of about 4255. This island was uninhabited when the Portugese discovered it in 1502. This island was used as a stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used it as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5000 Boer prisoners. It also, between 1791 and 1833, it was used as the site of many scientific experiments in conservation, reforestation, and boosting rainfall artificially. This was closely linked to the conceptualization of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism. St Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony, after Bermuda.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rajpurohit) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Congress at Troppau -

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Congress of Troppau was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820.The congress met on October 20, 1820 in Troppau because of the russian Tsar. Alexander and Francis I of Austria were present in person; King Frederick William III of Prussia was represented by the crown prince (afterwards Frederick William IV). The three eastern powers were further represented by their foreign policy ministers.Britain objected, on principle, to the suggested concerted action against the Neapolitan Liberals. Therefore she sent no plenipotentiary, but was represented by Lord Stewart, ambassador in Vienna and the half-brother of the Foreign Secretary at the time, Viscount Castlereagh. France, too, had given no plenary powers to her representatives, though her policy was less clearly defined. Thus, from the very beginning of the congress, it was clear that a division between the eastern and western powers was growing.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Signed on March 25, 1802, the Treaty of Amiens temporarily ended hostility between the French Redpublic, and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary wars. It was signed in the city of Amiens by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace". This treaty marked the end of the second coilition, In November of 1801, after years of negotiating, Cornwallis was sent wuth the power to make final negotiations. Pressure continued to mount on the British negotiators for a peace deal, in part because budget discussions were underway in the UK parliament, and the prospect of continued war was a significant factor. The principal sticking point in the late negotiations was the status of Malta. Bonaparte eventually proposed that the British were to withdraw within three months of the signing, with control passed back to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers. On March 14, London, under pressure to finalise the budget, gave Cornwallis a hard deadline. Given a treaty representing the last position taken by the French, if he could not reach an agreement within eight days, he was to return to London. Following a five-hour negotiating session that ended at 3 am on March 25, Cornwallis and Joseph Bonaparte signed the final agreement. Cornwallis was unhappy with the agreement, but he also worried about "the ruinous consequences of… renewing a bloody and hopeless war". This peace however only lasted about a year until May 18, 1803, and was the only period of peace during the Great French War (1773-1815). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July, 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. He was elected as deputy for the départment of the Loire-Inférieure to the National Convention—which met on 22 September and proclaimed the French Republic.The crisis that resulted from the declaration of war by the Convention against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic (1 February 1793, see French Revolutionary Wars), and a little later against Spain, made Fouché famous as one of the Jacobin radicals holding power in Paris.In the ensuing Directory government (1795–1799), Fouché remained at first in obscurity, but the relations he had with the far left, once headed by Chaumette and now by François-Noël Babeuf, helped him to rise once more. Knowing the unpopularity of the Directors, Fouché joined Bonaparte and Sieyès, who were plotting the Directory's overthrow. His activity in furthering the 18 Brumaire coup (November 9–10, 1799), ensured him the favor of Bonaparte, who kept him in office. During the subsequent rises and falls of regimes within France, Fouché switched sides and manipulated others to keep himself in power as minister of police, because of this he often upset Napoleon and was dismissed from his office several times, only to work his way back up.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rebotee) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Congress at Aix la - Chapelle 1818
 * Part of a series of conferences on the balance of powers after the Napoleonic Wars
 * Meeting of the four allied powers of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
 * Decided whether or not they should withdraw from France
 * Marked the highest point reached during the 19th century in the attempt to govern Europe by an international committee of the powers
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Redburn) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Treaty of Amiens (1802)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rivers) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Treaties of Tilsit (1807)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Romero) - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Napoleonic Code **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">included legal reforms
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">forbade certain privileges based on birth
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">allowed freedom of religion
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified
 * major step in replacing previous feudal laws
 * not the first legal code to be established, but it was the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan European scope
 * influenced the law of many of the countries that formed during and affter the Napoleonic wars
 * influential on developing countries outside of Europe that were attempting to modernize through legal reforms
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rue) - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Joseph Fouché **


 * <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Review Questions **

> Napoleon's army stood steady with orders not to fire until fired upon. When a weapon was fired from the crowd, Napoleon's troops fired back, dispersing and persuing the mob. The assembly was forever grateful after that, giving Bonaparte greater and greater responsibility, until the army was his instead of the government's.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Anthony) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s background before he became Emperor of France
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Arellano) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Napoleon accomplish his rise to power ? Napoleon distinguised himself as a young artillery officer, mercilessly driving the British out of the port of Toulon, and drew the attention of the upper echelons. When the French republic's government was threatened by a mob, one general recommended that Napoleon be given command of the garrison in Paris.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Baker) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the conquered peoples of Napoleon’s empire respond to the French conquest?
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Barner) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the nature of the Balance of Power established my Metternich at the Congress of Vienna?: ** The primary point of the Balance of Power was to ensure that military capability was distributed evenly among the countres in Europe to make sure that one state/country wouldn't have overwhelming strength when compared to the other countries, because if that happened, Metternich was worried that that country would assert its military strength over the rest of the continent. If such a thing were to occur, then neighboring states could bandwagon/ally together to take down and suppress the aggressor country. **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bassett) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Congress of Vienna redraw the boundaries of Europe? First off France lost ALL of there territory to the original owners. The point of the Congress of Vienna was to restore the main powers of Europe to normal size and power so that they are all equivalent. Prussia, Austria, and Russia all made sizable territorial gain. Prussia gained most Germanic states and 40% of the kingdom of Saxony. Prussia GAINED venice and much of northern Italy. Russia gained Poland. The newly formed Netherlands got what is now known as Belgium. The only places that were not affected was spain, the ottomans, Portugal, GB, and Norway.

> Conservatives believe that the state should not intervene in the community and that the community and private property should work together to make a better society. > **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Brinlee) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s policy stance regarding French and European Jews? - Quote by Napoleon Bonaparte regarding the Jewish peoples – > //“My primary desire was to liberate the Jews and make them full citizens. I wanted to confer upon them all the legal rights of equality, liberty and fraternity as was enjoyed by the Catholics and Protestants. It is my wish that the Jews be treated like brothers as if we were all part of Judaism. As an added benefit, I thought that this would bring to France many riches because the Jews are numerous and they would come in large numbers to our country where they would enjoy more privileges than in any other nation. Without the events of 1814, most of the Jews of Europe would have come to France where equality, fraternity and liberty awaited them and where they can serve the country like everyone else.”// > During the different periods of Napoleon's career, his sympathy for the Jews was clearly noted. He did everything he could to assure that the Jews were treated on an equal basis as Catholics and Protestants. > The French Revolution in 1789 was to change all the various restrictions that Jews had to face in France. It was on the 27th of September 1791 that France adopted a decree which accorded the Jews of France full citizenship. However, the Legislative Assembly did not take any specific measures to apply this new freedom that was granted to the Jews. The National Convention closed the synagogues, forbid the use of the Hebrew language and in general made their lives difficult. > Napoleon's religious opinions were the height of modern philosophy; he was completely given to tolerance. Everywhere that Napoleon went, he led tolerance by the hand;//"Faith,"// Napoleon would say, //"is beyond the reach of the law. It is the most personal possession of man, and no one has the right to demand and account for it."// > Napoleon was the only government leader that gave Jews equality when most other nations kept them in bondage. He also abolished the special taxes on Jews in Germany and gave them, for the very first time, civic and political equality. When strong opposition in France manifested itself, Napoleon stood firm in his support of Jewish equality. > After the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in a coup d'etat, the Bourgeoisie, peasantry, and overall common people of France actually loved and welcomed the dictator, despite the fact that the French people had just spend the previous years fighting a monarchy. He gained the support of the Bourgeoisie and peasantry primarily through actions such as redistributing the land among the peasants, enforcing tariffs, and signing the Concordat of 1801, which brought religious peace in France by establishing the Roman Catholic Church as the main church of France. > The Concert of Europe was founded by the powers of Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, who were the members of the Quadruple Alliance that defeated Napoleon and his First French Empire. In time, France was established as a fifth member of the concert. > Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, and France were the main players. The former four tried to exclude France, but Tallyrand, its foreign minister, managed to get into the inner circle of the negotiations when he agreed to side with Austria and Britain against Prussia and Russia to prevent them from getting too much power and land. Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the Papal States, and Germany all had delegations there as well. > > The Hundred Days, sometimes known as the Hundred Days of Napoleon or Napoleon's Hundred Days, marked the period between Emperor Napoleon of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis xviii on 8 July 1815 (a period of 111 days). This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign**.** Napoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting. On 13 March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw and on 25 March, five days after his arrival in Paris, Austira, Prussia, Asia and the United Kingdom members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule. This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena where he died in May 1821. > The three parts were France, the dependent states, and the allied states. The dependent states were states that depended on the French empire. The allied states were states that sided with the French empire, sometimes against their will. France was France. > I would say that the Napoleonic Code, which he established in 1804, was the most significant contribution of his to France as well as Europe in general. The Napoleonic Code allowed the French to have freedom of religion, while still letting the Church have a major role in society. This civil code also wouldn’t let people gain privileges based on birth, and it specified that only the most qualified should be the ones to have government jobs. This civil code was extremely influential; during the Napoleonic Wars, countries that were occupied by the French adopted it. The Napoleonic Code was also the German empire’s first common civil code. The civil code influenced similar civil codes to be applied in other places as well. The Napoleonic Code influenced many European countries that formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. > > The battle of Waterloo, ** fought in june of 1815, was Napoleon’s army against the seventh coalition (comprised of his and france’s enemies: the uk, Prussia, the Austrian empire, Russia, Sweden, spain, Portugal, and hanover to name the most significant.)** The seventh coalition primarly led by Wellington and Blucher, won with strategy. They got king Louis XIV back on the throne, and Napoleon fled to rochefort with intentions to flee to America. However, he was persuaded to surrender to the british and was then **exiled to saint Helena’s island, where he died in 1821.'** > it was permanent. His second exile put him on the remote island of Saint Helena where he evetually bit the dust at 51. So basically he was exiled twice, the first was after he was defeated in Russia(curdesy of General Winter) and the second was after he was crushed at the Battle of Waterloo.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bates) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s relationship with Pope Pius VII? How did that relationship change when Napoleon invaded Italy? <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Napoleon and Pope Pius VII were never friendly with each other. Pope Pius VII did attempt to coronate the emperor but Napoleon snatched the crown from him and placed it on his own head showing he didn't need the pope. Napoleon did restore Catholicism as the main religion of France however. The Pope and The Emperor clashed against each other often over political and religious matters. Diplomatic relations between the papacy and France crumbled when the French conquered Italy and forced the papacy to hand over all territories controlled by the papacy. After that the Pope excommunicated Napoleon from the church, and because of this one of Napoleon's generals kidnapped the Pope even though he hadn't been ordered too. Even though he didn't order his capture, Napoleon didn't order his release either, and as the Pope was kept prisoner to the French Napoleon controlled the papacy by bullying the Pope into signing whatever he wanted him too. The Pope was a prisoner for six years before he was freed by Allied forces, and when Napoleon was exiled the Pope oddly asked the British to give him better treatment saying he should not become cause for remorse now that he couldn't do anything.
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Benavides) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Napoleon reform the Revolutionary government of France? Napoleon centralized the governement. he created two National assemblies with members choosen by him from candiates elected by the people, and he put control firmly in the hands of the national government. All the laws were made by the Assemblies. he made advancements in the civil service and military was based on merit rather than rank. the tax system was applied equally to everyone. in 1804 he made the Napolenic Code, which incorporated Roman Law. this law was based and founded on the notion that all men were equal. it guaranteed individual rights (expect for woman and blacks) and sercurity of property. this code became influential in other Euro countries.
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Boboy) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Given the impacts of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment on the late 18th and early 19th centuries, what was Napoleon’s policy toward science and industrialization? What impact did these policies have?- One of the centerpieces of the economic policy of Napoleon III was the lowering of tariffs and the opening of French markets to imported goods. He had been in Britain in 1846 when Prime Minister Robert Peel had lowered tariffs on imported grains, and he had seen the benefits to British consumers and the British economy.By the 1860s, the huge state investment in railroads, infrastructure and fiscal policies of Napoleon III had brought dramatic changes to the French economy and French society. French people traveled in greater numbers, more often and farther than they had ever traveled before. The opening of the first public school libraries by Napoleon III and the opening by Louis Hachette of the first bookstores in Napoleon's new train stations led to the wider circulation of books around France.During the Empire industrial production increased by 73 percent, growing twice as rapidly but still in second place to Britain. From 1850 to 1857, the French economy grew at a pace of five percent a year, and exports grew by sixty percent between 1855 and 1869.French agricultural production increased by sixty percent, spurred by new farming techniques taught at the agricultural schools started in each Department by Napoleon III, and new markets opened by the railroads. The threat of famine, which for centuries had haunted the French countryside, receded. The last recorded famine in France was in 1855.During the Empire, the migration of the rural population to the cities increased. The portion of the population active in agriculture dropped from 61 percent in 1851 to 54 percent in 1870.The average salary of French workers grew by 45 percent during the Second Empire, but only kept up with price inflation. On the other hand, more French people than ever were able to save money; the number of bank accounts grew from 742,889 in 1852 to 2,079,141 in 1870.
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Boyer) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In the classical sense, what is the difference between Liberalism and Conservatism?--- Liberals believe that the only duty of state is to ensure that individual rights are enforced by the state no more and no less. These are the rights of property, speech freedom and the pursuit of happiness. So long as this does not cross other paths in the process.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Bratcher) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s position regarding the Roman Catholic Church? After he gained control of France in 1804 he kept church property retained for the state( so basically kept that part of the constitution of the clergy that was put into affect by Robespierre during the reign of terror). Napoleon on the other hand, did not try to eliminate the church completely he recognized Catholicism as the "preferred" religion of the state, and he payed the clergy like employees of the state. Although, this was said to be the preferred religion of France he later put religious freedom into affect with his Napoleonic code.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Brown) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the status of women change in France from the beginning of the Revolution in 1789 to the end of Napoleon’s reign in 1815? In 1791, a French journalist named [|Olympe de Gouges] proposed a “[|Declaration of the Rights of Woman],” (inspired by the writings of [|Mary Wollstonecraft]) but the National Assembly rejected her proposal. She, like many other leaders of that time, was eventually executed by guillotine. Other sans-culotte groups were established including the [|Society of Revolutionary Women]. No large change just really a change in how they were viewed. Their were many intellectual women around like Mary Wollstonecraft who were trying to get women equal rights much to the denial of their male counterparts. The women role grew bc/ they now had a little more to do with their husbands busy revolting and they helped do agricultural work during wars on when their husbands had other work to get done. they had a bit more freedom.
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Cardoza) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the purpose of the Concordat of 1801? In an effort to reunite the Roman Catholic Church and to bring them back to the civil status, Napoleon signed the Concordat of 1801 on July 15th 1801. The Concordat of 1801 is basically adn agreement that Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed that brought the church back to getter making them stronger than ever. This agreement had to be made because during the French Revolution, the National Assembly had taken the pope's authority by making them a department of the State with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed July 1790 and it said thet the Roman Catholic Church in France was going to be treated as part of the French govenment. This change in relationship between French Government and the Catholic Church caused unfriendlyness among the department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west-central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. Laws the were past after the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ablolished the traditional Gregorian calendar and Christian holidays. Even though the Concordat of 1801 gave the church some power back it was all still for the benefit of the country.
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Carroll) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Napoleon accomplish his rise to power? - While in Egypt on his campaign against the British, Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs through irregular delivery of newspapers and dispatches. He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. On 24 August 1799, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of Jean Baptiste Kléber. Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return to ward off possible invasions of French soil, but poor lines of communication prevented the delivery of these messages. By the time he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic was, however, bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's "desertion" but was too weak to punish him. Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. In alliance with the director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien; the speaker of the Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos; another Director, Joseph Fouché; and Talleyrand, he overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on November 9, 1799 ("the 18th Brumaire" according to the revolutionary calendar), and closed down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became "first consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new constitution ("Constitution of the year VIII"), originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a military dictatorship. The days of Brumaire sounded the end of the short-lived republic: no more representative government, assemblies, a collegial executive, or liberty.
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Consolver) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why was Napoleon unable to fulfill his plan to invade the island of Great Britain?
 * 5) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Coville) - **What was Napoleon’s relationship with the nobility and aristocracy of France?Considering that Napoleon ended the exclusion of the nobility from power, which had been the trademark of earlier post- revolution regimes, I would say that the nobles and artistocrats didnt really care for him cause he took away their power. Also being an aristocrat or a noble didnt seem to have as many perks as it use to because Napoleon made it to where the most talented people can move up in society no matter if you're rich or poor. He simplied wanted the best men he could find no matter what their social status was.
 * 6) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Craver) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What did the Bourgeoisie and peasantry think of Napoleon?
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Dam) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Holy Alliance, and what were the goals of this alliance? -Also known as the Grand Alliance, the Holy Alliance was the alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia created and signed in Paris during the Congress of Viena on September 26, 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Czar Alexander I. At first the alliance was formed to push the divine rights of kings and christian values in European political life. Then the monarchs of Orthadox Russia, Catholic Austria, and Protestant Prussia confession promised to act on the basis of justice, love, and peace, all in internal and foreign affairs. These three nations also banded together to stop any revolutionary influences entering their nations. They were also associated with the goal of keeping the European Peace settlement and balance of power in Europe.
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Davis) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Napoleon was one of many children. After he took control of France, how did the emperor reward his siblings? With the Whiff of Grapeshot in 1795, Napoleon effectively saved the gains made by the Revolution. As a reward he was given command of the Army of the Interior. “Now our family shall lack nothing,” he wrote. He gave his mother 50,000 Louis; had Joseph made a Consul in Italy; Lucien a Commissioner in the Army of the North; Louis became his aide-de-camp; and Jerome went to a good school. Napoleon wrote to Joseph: “You know, I live only for the pleasure I can give my family.” Eventually, he made his brothers and sisters kings, queens, princes and princesses. Joseph, the eldest, became King of Naples and then King of Spain. Napoleon was proud of his family even though they all let him down in one way or another. Joseph, for example, abandoned Paris at a crucial time in 1814, leaving the city in the scheming paws of Talleyrand. As always, Napoleon forgave his siblings. He told Las Casas at Saint Helena: “Joseph would be an ornament to society wherever he might happen to reside; Lucien, an ornament to any political assembly; Jerome, had he come to years of discretion, would have made an excellent ruler; I had great hopes for him. Louis would have been popular, and a remarkable man anywhere.” Nepotism yes, but loving one's family is not a crime; forgiving their errors is a mark of maturity and compassion. And his brothers and sisters were far better rulers than the odious Bourbons they usually replaced.
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Diver) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the significance of the Civil Code of 1804 (aka Napoleonic Code)?
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Do) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">During Napoleon’s reign, is France a Liberal or a conservative nation? During Napolean Bonaparte's reign, France was seen as both a Liberal country and a conservative country based on which aspects of the country you looked at. Various liberal reforms were spread across France due to Bonaparte. Napoleon abolished the lifestyle of feudalism and spread religious toleration throughout his country, showing how France was a liberal state. However, there were some conservative aspects such as the end of representative government, a collegial executive, assemblies, or liberty, and the start of a military dictatorship solely controlled by Bonaparte. Napoleon's police found a plot led by former Bourbon rulerss to rid of Napolean, which Bonaparte then used to justify the recreation of a hereditary monarchy in France, showing yet again conservative aspects of the country. Napoleon was then voted Emperor of the French by rigged voting processes and lopsided votes. On the liberal side, Napoleon increased and improved France with reforms including higher education, tax codes, and improved sewer systems. He later on even inculded a central bank These liberal reforms made France seen as if it as a liberal country, however it wasn't completely liberal as stated before. Napoleon included the Napoleonic Laws that included some liberal thoughts as well, though not fully.
 * 5) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Edward) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the “Concert of Europe”? The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System after the Congress of Vienna was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars(1815) to the outbreak of World War I(1914).
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Elizondo) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the various coalitions that were aligned against Napoleon during the first two decades of the 19th century?
 * First Coalition - Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Prussia (until 1795), Great Britain, French Royalists, Spain (until 1795) , Portugal, Sardinia (until 1796), Naples and Sicily, Other Italian states, Ottoman Empire, Dutch Republic (until 1795).
 * Second Coalition - Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain (until 1801), United Kingdom (from 1801), Russia (until 1799), French Royalists, Portugal, Kingdom of Naples, Order of Saint John (1798), Malta (1798-1800), Ottoman Empire.
 * Third Coalition - Holy Roman Empire, Russian Empire, United Kingdom, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, Sweden, French counter-revolutionaries, French royalists.
 * Fourth Coalition – Prussia, Russia, United Kingdom, Saxony, Sweden, Sicily
 * Fifth Coalition – Austria, Hungary, Tyrol, United Kingdom, Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, Black Brunswickers
 * Sixth Coalition – Russia, Prussia, Austria, United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Sardinia. After Battle of Leipzig: Saxony, Bavaria, Württemberg.
 * Seventh Coalition - United Kingdom, Prussia, Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, Hanover, Nassau, Brunswick, Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Switzerland, French Kingdom
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Elphick) **- Would you consider the peace accords reached at the Congress of Vienna to be forgiving or vindictive in its treatment of France, and why? France had caused many problems thanks to Napoleon, yet the Congress was very forgiving towards France, which got to keep pre-Revolution boundaries. The Congress established long-term stability in Europe. While their were critics such asNationalist that weren’t happy about boundaries set to maintain balance in power, while not paying attention to cultural and language factors.And even though On March 1, 1815, Napoleon appeared in France, having escaped from exile in Elba, Napoleon went through the country and raised an army. Louis XVIII quickly ran and Napoleon made a last effort at conquest in a period called the Hundred Days. The Congress of Vienna was shocked, and immediately declared Napoleon an outlaw.The end of hundred days ended with battle at waterloo, and a second Treaty of Paris was signed.Napoleon was exiled much farther away to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, were he lived last six years of his life. over all they left punishment for napolean while treating french with great care to ensure peace
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Eubank) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Before he established himself as Emperor of France, Napoleon was involved in several foreign military campaigns. How did these military engagements turn out? Before Napoleon Bonaparte appointed himself Emperor of France, He participated in the Siege of Toulon, the 13 Vendemiaire, the First Italian Campaign, and the Egyptian Expedition. The ending result of the Siege of Toulon for Bonaparte was being promoted to Brigadier General, and his plan in the Battle of Saorgio being carried out. In the 13 Vendemiaire, the defeat of the royalist insurrection earned Bonaparte fame and wealth. During the First Italian Campaign, Bonaparte became exceptionally influential in French Politics. The French Army won 18 pitched battles of 67. In his final military conquest before becoming Emperor, Bonaparte took the French Army to Egypt to fight Britain since they weren’t strong enough to fight them head on. All but 2 French vessels were destroyed in the battle of the Nile. After his army was stricken with plague, Bonaparte was forced to retreat back to france.
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Evans) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Peninsular War? Was the Peninsular war a bold and decisive move for Napoleon, or did it prove to be a huge mistake? Explain why. It was a war between France and the allied powers of Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom for the Iberian Peninsula. It started due to the French turning on their ally in Spain after they had both occupied Portugal. This was definitely a World War. The Spanish War for Independence occured during this war in which the spansih won due to the dwindling supplies and man power of Napoleons Army. The Peninsular war was the undoing of Napoleon's conquest of the world. He shouldn't have even gotten into the war because just before he had suffered terrible losses in his attempt to invade Russia. He also should have seen it coming that Germany would stop helping the French half way through the war. Russia got Portugal, Spain, the UK, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria together in what is called the **Sixth Coalition** **which defeated Napoleon and forced him into exile restoring bourbon power in France (1814).**
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Feagan) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who were the principle actors at the Congress of Vienna?
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Fisher) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were <span style="border-image: none !important; border: currentColor !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] impacts of the Congress of Vienna on Europe for the next 100 years?
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Franco) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Holy Alliance, and why was it created? was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. Ostensibly, the alliance was formed to instill the divine right of kings and Christian values in European political life, as pursued by the Tsar under the influence of his adviser Baroness Barbara von Krüdener. About three months after the Final Act of the Vienna Congress, the monarchs of Orthodox (Russia), Catholic (Austria) and Protestant (Prussia) confession promised to act on the basis of "justice, love and peace", both in internal and foreign affairs, in order to "perpetuate the mundane institutions and adjust their imperfection".Despite this noble wording, the Alliance was not only rejected as non-effective by the United Kingdom (though George IV declared consent in his capacity as King of Hanover), but also by the Papal States and the Islamic Ottoman Empire.
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(French) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the “Hundred Days”
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Harper) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the three elements (or parts) of Napoleon’s European empire?
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Hunt) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Haitian Revolution impact Napoleon’s empire? The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt that occurred during 1791 to 1804 on the territory of Saint-Domingue. The revolution effectively smashed Napoleons dreams of expanding his New French Empire to greater lengths. He couldn’t regain control of the island due to the large “military” force that had been arranged on the island by the rebelling slaves. Because Napoleon was unable to regain control of Haiti, he was forced to give up the pursuit of establishing a new French Empire in the New World. The loss of Haiti also rendered the Louisiana territory useless due to the revenue loss from Haitian sugar farms in Saint-Domingue. The financial loss forced Napoleon to sell the Louisiana territory to the United States to cover his loss.
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Jenkins) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s most significant contribution to France and to Europe?
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Russell) - ' **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s biggest failure (outside of the invasion of Russia and the retreat from Moscow)? -- ' Other than Napoleon’s failure of invading Russia (that we all know he walked straight in during the dead of winter, with russia burning its land in front of the french army as to not provide them with any materials, losing nearly all of his men, and overall sucking badly at being a war head), his worst failure was probably his last—** the battle at waterloo. **
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Schaefer) - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was Napoleon’s fate after he was deposed as Emperor? -- His fate was actually not as bad as it could've been. Both times he was removed from power he was exiled(though it's clear it didn't work on the first go around). The first time he was deposed was two years after his attempt to invade Russia in 1812(and we all know how that turned out). Napolean was first exiled to the island of Elba(I'm sure you can guess how he felt about that). The second time was after the "Hundred Days" __campaign__ in which Napolean returned to power for 100 days(as you can guess by the name) and eventually lost it again, this time though