Versailles+to+Nuremberg


 * Questions for the Inter War Period and World War II **

=**Directions ** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier. = = Identification: =
 * AP European History **
 * (Looney) - ** Franklin Roosevelt




 * Politician leader
 * 32nd president of the United States
 * Democrat
 * led the U.S. during the Great depression (economic depression after World war II)
 * Try to aid the economy by creation a New Deal
 * New deal- a series of domestic programs in response to the Great Depression, it was a political realignment that forged coalitions of big companies such as the banking industry and the oil industry, "Relief, Recovery, and Reform", favored democracy and liberal views, Republican and conservatives rejected this new deal
 * New Deal Coalition- political term for the alignment of interest groups that supported the new deal and the democratic government

**(Macneill) - **Harry S. Truman ( 1884 - 1974) was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He was also the Prime Minister of Britain during WWII. He was mostly known for his very carefree attitude, his ability to back down to no one (Adolf Hitler), and his speeches giving moral to everyone in the country during WWII. An Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. Hitler was at the center of Nazi Germany, World War II in Europe, and the Holocaust. Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles that had been forced on Germany and promoted nationalism, Pan-Germanism, and anti-Semitism, and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. His aggressive foreign is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. On September 1, 1939 he invaded Poland, resulting in British and French declarations of war on Germany. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats, partly because of Hitler's countless military blunders. His regime was responsible for the genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews, and millions of other victims whom he and his followers deemed racially inferior. (1878-1953) he was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as #|criminal activities, as a young man. After Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) died, Stalin outmaneuvered his rivals for control of the party. Once in power, he collectivized farming and had potential enemies executed or sent to forced labor camps. Stalin aligned with the United States and Britain in World War II (1939-1945) but afterward engaged in an increasingly tense relationship with the West known as the Cold War (1946-1991). After his death, the Soviets initiated a de-Stalinization process.
 * Served as the 33rd president of the United States ( April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953) and the first Cold War president.
 * Truman took office after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945.
 * Helped with the creation of the UN (United Nations) and NATO (North American Trade <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] ).
 * Responsible for the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, which were moves to try and stop the spread of communism throughout Europe.
 * (Martinez) - **Winston Churchill
 * (Matafadi) - **Adolph Hitler-
 * (McCutchan) - **Joseph Stalin
 * (Measom) - **Benito Mussolini

An Italian Fascist statesman, Prime Minister 1922–43; known as Il Duce (‘the leader’); full name Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini. He founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919 (Italian Fascism was rooted in Italian nationalism and the desire to restore and expand Italian territories, which Italian Fascists deemed necessary for a nation to assert its superiority and strength and to avoid succumbing to decay.[1] Italian Fascists claimed that modern Italy is the heir to ancient Rome and its legacy, and historically supported the creation of an Italian Empire to provide spazio vitale ("vital space") for colonization by Italian settlers and to establish control over the Mediterranean Sea).

He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> dictatorship. He annexed Abyssinia in 1936 and entered the Second World War on Germany's side in 1940. Forced to resign after the Allied invasion of Sicily, he was rescued from imprisonment by German paratroopers, but was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans. was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
 * (Mendez) - ** Charles DeGaulle- A French general and statesman born in November 22nd 1890 who led French forces in WW2 and also founded the french republic in 1958 and fought in major battles WW1
 * (Monteith) - **Dwight D. Eisenhower-
 * (Moreno) - **Chiang Kai-Shek:
 * Chiang Kai-Shek was a Chinese military and political leader who led the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) for five decades and was head of state of the Chinese Nationalist <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] between 1928 and 1949.
 * In 1946, when <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] war broke out between the Kuomintang (KMT) and Communists, it established the, “People’s Republic of China.” Chiang and the remaining forces of the KMT fled to the island of Taiwan.
 * Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War and <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] from the party's former regional warlords. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, (Chiang’s predecessor) Chiang Kai-shek was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement and rejecting western democracy and the nationalist democratic socialism that Sun embraced in favor of an authoritarian government.

Isoroku Yamamoto, a graduate from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, was a Japanese Marshal Admiral and the commander in chief of the Combined Fleet during WWII. He changed the naval aviation in Japan as well as many other things. Yamamoto was the driving force for Japan’s victories in the early years of the Pacific War. He is responsible for Pearl Harbor and Midway. Yamamoto died when his plane was shot down causing a major blow to the Japanese military’s power. He was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. Pretty much he dropped the bomb Little Boy on Hiroshima and was the first to drop an atomic bomb in the history of warfare. His plane was called the Enola Gay which was named after his mother. Is A Grown Man. Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II. As the son of a United States Army chaplain, Groves lived at a number of Army posts during his childhood. He graduated fourth in his class at the <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 17px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 25.350000381469727px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> Academy at West Point in 1918 and was commissioned into the US Army Corps of Engineers. In 1929, he went to Nicaragua as part of an expedition whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal. Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936, and the Army War College in 1938 and 1939, after which he was posted to the War Department General Staff. (Rebotee) - Enrico Fermi 1901-1954
 * (Nachtergaele) - **Hideki Tojo: He was Japan's 40th prime minister and army general for most of WWII. He was personally responsible for the bombing at Pearl Harbor being the one to edit and execute the plan. After Japan's defeat, he was said to be a war criminal, but he did not want to face the punishment so he attempted at suicide by shooting himself in the chest. This failed and he was thrown in prison before his trial and sentenced to death by hanging.
 * (Nguyen, N.) - **Nikita Krushchev was the grandson of aserf and the son of a coal miner, was born in Kalinovka, Ukraine on 5th April, 1894. After a brief formal education Khrushchev found work as a pipe fitter in Yuzovka. During the First World War, Khrushchev become involved in trade union activities and after the October Revolution joined the Bolsheviks. In January, 1919, Khrushchev joined the Red Army and fought against the Whites in the Ukraine during the Civil War. After leaving the army he returned to Yuzovka where he returned to school to <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] his education.
 * (Nguyen, T) - **Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">(Nugen) - ** Herman Gohring
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Olmos) - **Emperor Hirohito was the 124th emperor of Japan. At the start of his reign Japan was already one on the worlds great powers. By the end of his reign Japan had emerged as the worlds 2nd largest economy. The emperor opposed the manufacturing of a atomic bomb in WWII and didn't invest in it.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Phillips) - **Gen. Douglas MacArthur -General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr., the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Ponce) - **Col. Paul Tibbets
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Raison) - **Sgt. Audie Murphy --- First, LOL. This man was one of the most decorated combat soldiers of WW2 . He was awarded every US combat military award for value available from the US Army. He was also decorated by France and Belgium. He also served in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]].
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rajpurohit) - **Gen. Leslie Groves-

Robert Oppenheimer(April 22, 1904-February 18, 1967) is called the father of the atomic bomb, he studied at Harvard, and was a theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of Berkeley. But it was after Harvard that Oppenheimer found his intellectual passion. First at Cambridge University in England and then at Göttigen University in Germany, the young American scholar began making his mark in quantum <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: Arial !important; font-size: 16px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 24px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">. By the time he returned to America, he'd published more than a dozen articles and established a reputation as a theoretical physicist. In 1941 Oppenheimer was brought into the atomic bomb project. His first task was to calculate the critical mass of uranium-235, i.e. the amount of uranium needed to sustain a chain reaction. The following summer he gathered together at Berkeley a small group of some of the best theoretical physicists in the country to talk about the actual bomb design. By July 1945, Los Alamos was ready to test its bomb. Oppenheimer sent a cryptic telegram to scientists back at Berkeley: "Any time after the 15th would be a good time for our fishing trip...As we do not have enough sleeping bags to go around, we ask you please do not bring anyone with you." The test, code-named "Trinity," took place on July 16. It exploded with a force equivalent of 18,000 tons of TNT. At one point he had also been drawn into left-wing politics, as a response to the rise of nazism in the 1930s, and made annual payments of around $1000 to various organizations associated with the communist party. Trinity was the <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as a result of the Manhattan Project. The new test site, named the White Sands Proving Ground, was built in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of the White Sands Missile Range). Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed "The Gadget" or "Christy['s] Gadget" after Robert Christy, the physicist behind the implosion method used in the device. Using the same conceptual design, the Fat Man device was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The Trinity detonation produced the explosive power of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ).Although nuclear chain reactions had been hypothesized in 1933 and the first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction (Chicago Pile-1 or CP-1) had taken place in December 1942, the date of the Trinity test is usually considered to be the beginning of the Atomic Age. -1893 - 1981 -was a United states Army field commander in North Africa and Europe (WWI) -had command of all US ground forces invading Germany from the West -after war he became Chief of Staff of the US Army -(1949) was appointed the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff -oversaw the policy making for the Korean War
 * Italian born American <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] who was one of the chief architects of the nuclear age
 * Directed the first controlled chain reaction involving nuclear fission
 * Worked on the Manhattan Project to <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] the first atomic bomb
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Redburn) - **Robert Oppenheimer
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rivers) - **Trinity Test-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Romero) - **Gen. Omar Bradley
 * -ultimately commanded 43 divisions (largest body of US soldiers ever to serve under a field commander)

U.S. army general that led the seventh and third United States armies in WWII, most prominent in the Mediterranean Theater, he led the seventh army invasions of Casablanca and Sicily. Was the first allied commander to reach Messina and temporary removed from duty due to controversy. Later led the third army at Normandy and a successful armored advance through France. Heinrich Himmler was born on 7 October 1900 in Munich, the son of a schoolteacher. He served in the German army at the end of World War One and then had a variety of jobs, including working as a chicken farmer. He became involved with the Nazi party in the early 1920s and took part in the 'beer hall' putsch of 1923. Himmler acted as the Nazi party's propaganda leader between 1926 and 1930. In 1929, he was appointed head of the SS, Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard, and the following year was elected to the Reichstag. After the Nazis came to <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> in Germany in 1933, Himmler became police president in Munich and head of the political police in Bavaria. He used his position to build a state within a state, expanding the SS and establishing its autonomy within the Nazi party and its dominance in Germany. In 1933, he set up Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp. By 1936, he had manoeuvred himself into a position where he was head of a newly unified national police. Himmler was obsessed with racial purity in Germany and encouraged Aryan 'breeding programmes'. The outbreak of World War Two allowed Himmler to pursue another racial goal - the elimination of Jews and other so-called 'sub-humans'. After Germany's invasion of Poland, Himmler was given total control of the annexed parts of the country. Within a year more than one million Poles and 300,000 Jews had been forced out to be replaced with German settlers. By June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Himmler controlled not only the police but the political <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of the occupied territories and, through his control of the SS, the concentration camp system. In 1943, Hitler appointed Himmler minister for the interior. In this post he oversaw the 'Final Solution' - the attempt to exterminate all the Jewish people in Europe - and administered the system of forced labour. After the failed attempt on Hitler's life in July 1944, Himmler's position was strengthened still further. But as Germany's defeat became imminent, Himmler made attempts to negotiate with the Allies. Hitler was furious and stripped Himmler of all his offices. Following Germany's surrender, Himmler tried to escape under a false identity but was captured by the Allies. On 23 May 1945 he committed suicide in custody.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Rue) - **Gen. George Patton
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Russell) - **Gen. Curtis Lemay-- '(1906-1990) **An american air force general,** vice president running mate of George Wallace in 1968. **Credited with an effective strategic bombing campaign** in pacific theater of ww2. He executed **massive bombing plans (such as one in Japan on its waterways)** **.** After ww2 he unintentionally **started the berlin airlift, then reorganized the strategic air command (sac) into an effective instrument of nuclear war.'**
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Schaefer) - **Gen. Irwin Rommel-Popularly known as the Desert Fox, he was a well known general in the German army who obtained not only the rank of field marshal but also the respect of both his own soilders and those of the enemy during his career in both world wars. He received the Pour le Merite award while serving during World War 1 and distinguished himself further as the commander for the 7th Panzer Division during World War 2. He eventually earned the title of Desert Fox and is regarded as not one of the most skilled commanders of desert warfare but also as having been a humane and professional officer. His Afrika Corps was never accused of war crimes, soldiers captured during his African campaign were reported to have been treated humanly, and orders to kill Jewish civilians, troops, and captured Kommandos were ignored. Late in the war he was linked to a conspiracy to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Having committed suicide in exchange for his families safety, he was given a state funeral.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Schrop) - **Heinrich Himmler

Admiral Nimitz was an ethnic German from the German-American town of Fredericksburg in Texas.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Siraphet) - **Field Marshal Bernhard Montgomery- (November 17, 1887-March 24, 1976) Was a British Army officer who participated in both World War I and World War II. During his <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman' !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] in World War I, he was severely wounded he lungs and knee and was relieved of his time in the war. During World War II, he commanded the Eight Army from 1942 to the allied victory in Tunisia (country in northern Africa). He also commanded in Sicily and Italy with the Eight Army. Overall, he became a leading figure in the allied powers against the Axis Powers in Northern Africa.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Sjostrom) - **Adm. Chester Nimitz
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Tellez) - **USS Arizona
 * USS Arizona was a Pennsylvania-class battleship built by the United States Navy in the mid-1910s and was named in honor of to Arizona because it had recently joined the union as the 48 th state
 * Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference.
 * The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish War to <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] American interests for several month and then she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career.
 * Arizona was later modernized starting in 1931 and was regularly used for training exercises between the wars.
 * The ship was featured in a Jimmy Cagney film called Here Comes the Navy about the romantic troubles of a sailor. In April 1940, she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism.
 * On 7 December 1941 the Japanesse bobed pearl harbor. The Arizona was bombed along with other ships, and she exploded and sank killing 1,177 officers and crewmen. Arizona could not be saved though the navy removed parts of the ship for reuse. The wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and. There is a memorial, USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated on 30 May 1962 to all those who died during the attack on the ships hull.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Theisen) - **USS Oklahoma
 * - the only ship to be named after the 46th state, Oklahoma. **
 * - was a WW1 era-battleship. **
 * - one of two in her class (Nevada was her sister), first U.S. ships to use oil instead of coal. **
 * - commissioned in 1916, protected Allied convoys on their way across the the Atlantic. **
 * - was sunk in 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor and was righted and #|salvaged in 1943, but was too damaged to return to service. **
 * (is it possible I got slightly emotionally attached to this ship while answering this question and was emotionally distraught when I found out it never made it back to service..... maybe.....) **


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Thomas) - **USS Indianapolis
 * -Portland-class heavy cruiser of the US #|Navy **
 * -Flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific **
 * -First launched in 1931 **
 * -Her sinking led to greatest single loss of life at sea in the history of the US Navy **
 * -1945 torpedoed by Imperial Japanese Navy #|submarine (& sunk in 12 min.) after delivering parts for the first atomic bomb to the US air base at Tinian **
 * -10 Battle Stars **

The type of plane that was used to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. This plane however, was not used only to nuke Japan. It was also used in many air battles against Germany as the U.S Air force and Royal Air force battled the Luftwaffe over Europe and Britannia. The plane was highly advanced for its time. The V-1 flying bomb was an early pulse-jet-powered predecessor of <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> missile. The V-1 was developed at Peenemünde Army Research Centre by the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War. During initial development it was known by the codename "Cherry Stone". The first of the so-called Vergeltungswaffen series designed for terror bombing of London, the V-1 was fired from launch sites along the French and Dutch coasts. The first V-1 was launched at London on 13 June 1944, one week after the successful Allied landing in Europe. At its peak, more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at south-east England, 9,521 in total (dang it Germany), decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944, when the last V-1 site in range of Britain was overrun by Allied forces. This caused the remaining V-1s to be directed at the port of Antwerp and other targets in Belgium, with 2,448 V-1s being launched. The attacks stopped when the last site was overrun on 29 March 1945. Wernher Magnus Maximilian, Freiherr von Braun (March 23, 1912 – June 16, 1977) was a German rocket engineer and space architect. He was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> in Germany during World War II and, subsequently, in the United States. He is credited as being the "Father of Rocket Science".
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Weiss) - **The Enola Gay
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Wieland) - **V - 1 Buzz Bomb
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Xia) - **V - 2 Rocket
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Yakubek) - **Werhner von Braun:

In his 20s and early 30s, von Braun was the central figure in the Nazis' rocket <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> program, responsible for the design and realization of the V-2 combat rocket during World War II. After the war, he and some select members of his rocket team were taken to the United States as part of the then-secret Operation Paperclip. Von Braun worked on the United States Army intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) program before his group was assimilated by NASA. Under NASA, he served as director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and as the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the superbooster that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. According to one NASA source, he is "without doubt, the greatest rocket scientist in history". His crowning achievement was to lead the development of the Saturn V booster rocket that helped land the first men on the Moon in July 1969. In 1975 he received the National Medal of Science.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Anthony) - **Operation Overlord
 * Operation Overlord was the code-name given to the Allied invasion of France scheduled for June 1944. The overall commander of Operation Overlord was General Dwight Eisenhower. Other senior commanders for Overlord included Air Marshall Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshall Tedder, Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery and Admiral Bertram Ramsey. Operation Overlord required the Allies to have landed a vast amount of both men and equipment by the end of D-Day itself. Overlord itself required the involvement of many men – both in Britain and in France via the Resistance. Security for the plan had to be total. The fact that the Germans were taken by surprise at Normandy indicates that the Allies were successful in this. The Allied high command decided on a landing in Normandy. The risks were much higher but the beaches were suitable for a mass landing of people and equipment. One of the first plans was known as the COSSAC (Combined Anglo-American) plan. This included a plan to use two airborne brigades to protect the flanks of the three landings in Normandy. They wanted to fool the Germans into to thinking that the Pays de Calais was the main target as opposed to Normandy. O **** verlord had a total of 3 million men in 47 divisions, moved by 6000 ships with aerial cover provided by 5000 fighter planes. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Arellano) - **Operation Barbarossa- was the code namefor Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. Over the course of the operation, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front, the largest invasion in the history of warfare. The ambitious operation was driven by Adolf Hitler's persistent desire to conquer the Soviet territories as embodied in Generalplan Ost. It marked the beginning of the pivotal phase in deciding the victors of the war. The German invasion of the Soviet Union caused a high rate of fatalities: 95% of all German Army casualties that occurred from 1941 to 1944, and 65% of all Allied military casualties from the entire war. Operation Barbarossa was named after Frederick Barbarossa, the medieval Holy Roman Emperor.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">(Baker) - **Operation Paperclip


 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * (Anthony) - ** How did the Great <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] affect the Western Democracies?
 * The Great Depression was a time when a significant number of Americans experimented with Marxist movements and ideas, as well as with the notion that the model for a more humane society could be found in the Soviet Union. Above all, it was a decade of cultural confusion, in which American writers, artists, and intellectuals experimented with new, more socially oriented forms of literature, painting, theatre, music, and mass entertainment. The turmoil of the 1930s turned out to be predominantly conservative in its impact on American society. The Great Depression taught people of all social classes the value of economic security and the need to endure and survive hard times rather than to take risks with one’s life or money. Americans rediscovered the virtues of democracy and the essential decency of the ordinary citizen (“common man”).Thus, a decade marked by fundamental—even radical—<span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] ended for most with a reaffirmation of America’s cultural past and its traditional political ideals. **
 * Meanwhile, the communist parties in the United States and in western Europe gave intellectuals—as well as teachers, lawyers, architects, and other middle-class professionals—a feeling that they were no longer solitary individuals suffering from the failures of capitalism but belonged instead to a community of like-minded souls. For all these reasons Marxism, the Soviet Union, and the various national communist parties enjoyed a prestige and a popularity through much of the 1930s that they had never possessed in the 1920s and would never again enjoy after the Great Depression. **


 * (Arellano) - ** What was the significance of the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 - 1922? It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first arms control conference in history. The Washington Naval Treaty led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets and those few ships that were built were limited in size and armament. Numbers of existing capital ships were scrapped. Some ships under construction were turned into aircraft carriers instead.


 * (Barner) - ** Hitler wrote a book while in prison called Mein Kampf? Why did he write it, and what was it about?: Mein Kampf (or "My Struggle") was mainly about Hitler's ideas and thoughts about current Germany, and also about his future plans for Germany. In the book, it also shows the progress of how Hitler became increasingly anti-Semitic and militaristic. He primarily wrote it his followers of National Socialism, most likely to inspire his Nazi followers to cause trouble/attempt to overthrow the government while he can't, because he's in prison.
 * (Bassett) - ** What was the importance of //Kristallnacht//?- In English this means crystal night or night of broken glass. This is one of the first attacks on the jews in world war 2. Only 91 jews were killed during this but 91 will lead to 1000 the 100000 then bing bang boom 900000 are dead.


 * (Bates) - ** What were the important developments regarding the Holocaust? Hitler gains dictatorial powers over Germany. The Night of Long Knives where the SA leadership was purged. The SS became independent from the SA. Jewish Cultural Unions are created by the Nazis. Polish Jews expeled back to Poland which redused to accpet them so the Jews lived in a No-Man's Land near the Polish border for months. Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass where many Jewish buisnesses, synagouges, and homes were attacked a/o burned. This was done in retaliation of the assasination of Ernst Vom Rath, third secretary in the German Embassy of Paris, by a Herschel Grynszpan who was the 17 year old son of one of the deported Polish Jews. 5,962,129 Jews killed which is 63% of the original population in the countries that participated in the Holocaust.


 * (Benavides) - ** What was the significance of: Dachau, Auschwitz - Birkenau, Treblinka, and Buchenwald?
 * Dachau- concentration camp was the first of the Nazi concentration camps opened in Germany, intended to hold political prisoners.
 * Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II
 * Treblinka was an extermination camp built by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was located near the village of Treblinka in the modern-day Masovian Voivodeship north-east of Warsaw
 * Buchenwald (literally, in English: beech forest) was a German Nazi concentration camp established on the Ettersberg (Etter Mountain) near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937, one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps on German soil, following Dachau's opening just over four years earlier.
 * (Boboy) - ** The United States is generally perceived to have taken a more isolationist stance in the time period between the world wars. How true is that statement and why?-Very true in the beginning of the war the United States stood by and watched rather than attack.T he US had remained neutral, though the US had been an important supplier to Britain and other Allied powers . During the war, the US mobilized over 4,000,000 military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including 43,000 due to the #|influenza pandemic .The war saw a dramatic expansion of the US government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the US military. After a slow start in mobilizing the American economy and manpower, by spring 1918 the U.S. was poised to play a decisive role in the conflict. They isolated themselves in order to be prepared to ensure they could earn a big victory. Near the end of the war though, the United States joined the Allied Powers in 1917 and were set for the war.

The invasion of Manchuria/China/Indo-China caused Vichy France to yield to the Japanese in WWII. The **Nanking Massacre**, also known as the **Rape of Nanking**, was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against Nanking (current official spelling: Nanjing) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre occurred during a six-week period starting December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanking, which was then the Chinese capital. (See Republic of China). During this period, tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. Widespread rape and looting also occurred. Several of the key perpetrators of the atrocities, at the time labelled as war crimes, were later tried and found guilty at the International Military Tribunal of the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, and were executed. Another key perpetrator, Prince Asaka, a member of the Imperial Family, escaped prosecution by having earlier been granted immunity by the Allies.
 * (Boyer) - ** Why was Japan’s invasion of Manchuria/China/Indo - China significant?
 * (Bratcher) - ** What was the Rape of Nanjing?

An accurate estimation of the death toll in the massacre has not been achieved because most of the Japanese on the killings were deliberately destroyed or kept secret shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945. The International Military Tribunal of the Far East estimated in 1948 over 200,000 Chinese were killed in the incident. China's official estimate is more than 300,000 dead based on the evaluation of the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal in 1947. The death toll has been actively contested among scholars since the 1980s, with typical estimates ranging from 40,000 to over 300,000.

The event remains a contentious political issue, as various aspects of it have been disputed by some historical revisionists and Japanese nationalists,home] who have claimed that the massacre has been either exaggerated or wholly fabricated for propaganda purposes. As a result of the nationalist efforts to deny or rationalize the war crimes, the controversy surrounding the massacre remains a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations, as well as Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations such as South Korea and the Philippines.

Although the Japanese government has admitted to the acts of killing of a large number of non-combatants, looting, and other violence committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the fall of Nanking, and Japanese veterans who served in Nanking at that time have confirmed that a massacre took place, a small but vocal minority within both the Japanese government and society have argued that the death toll was military in nature and that no such crimes ever occurred. Denial of the massacre (and a divergent array of revisionist accounts of the killings) has become a staple of Japanese nationalism. In Japan, public opinion of the massacres varies, and few deny the occurrence of the massacre outright. Nonetheless, recurring attempts by negationists to promote a revisionist history of the incident have created controversy that periodically reverberates in the international media, particularly in China, South Korea, and other East Asian nations

<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ULTRA was the designation adopted by <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">British military intelligence in June 1941 for wartime signals intelligence obtained by breaking high-level encrypted enemy radio and communications at the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Ultra eventually became the standard designation among the western Allies for all such <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">. The U.S. used the codename MAGIC for its decrypts from Japanese sources.
 * (Brinlee) - ** What is MAGIC? ULTRA? How do they compare? -

August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens travelling on warring ships travelled at their own risk. 1936- passed in February of that year, renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months. It also forbade all [|loans] or credits to belligerents 1937- January 1937, the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain. The Neutrality Act of 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well.[ Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting //any passengers or articles// to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations. 1939- Early in 1939, after [|Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia], Roosevelt lobbied Congress to have the cash-and-carry provision renewed. He was rebuffed, the provision lapsed, and the mandatory arms embargo remained in place. In September 1939, after [|Germany had invaded Poland], Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Roosevelt invoked the provisions of the Neutrality Act but came before Congress and lamented that the Neutrality Acts may give passive aid to an aggressor.[ He prevailed over the isolationists, and on November 4 the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed, allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a [|cash-and-carry] basis, thus in effect ending the arms embargo. Furthermore, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed, American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President, and the National Munitions Control Board (which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports. Arms trade without a license became a federal crime with a penalty of up to two years in prison.
 * (Brown) - ** What was the importance of the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s? What did each one do? acts to balance or bring peace to Europe. 1935-


 * (Cardoza) - ** What was Plan Orange?

A series of United Stated Joint Army and Navy Board war plans against Japan for the time inbetween the First World War and the Second World War that predictedthat the United States would be fighting Japan alone. This plan was first adopted in 1924 by the Joint Armny and Navy Board.

The Atlantic Charter was important because it set the goals of the post-World War II for the Allied Powers. After being drafted by the U.S. and Britain in 1941, it was later accepted by all other countries that made up the Allies. It set many goals to promote peace and cooperation among foreign nations to bring an end to the violence brought on by the war. The rearmament of the Rhineland by Nazi Germany saw the first time German troops were in the area since the Treaty of Versailles, which it defied. This was a test for Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party to see how the powers of Europe and the rest of the world would react. Since the rest of the world was willing to do anything but go through another war such as the Great War, the powers of Europe and the League of Nations decided to use a tactic of appeasement. Later in 1938, Hitler "unified" Germany and Austria, which is known as the Anschluss. This contradicted Hitler's earlier claims where he stated that he had no desire for territorial expansion in Europe, although he claimed that Austrian and German unification was only to reunite Austria with its motherland. Later in 1938 Hitler took the Sudetenland- an area of Czechoslovakia that borders Germany. His reasoning was to unite mostly German ethnic people with the motherland, but also rendered all of the defenses which had been built up since 1936 by the Czechoslovakian army due to fear caused by the growing aggression of Germany. In August of 1938 the leaders of Italy, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom (Note that the leader of Czechoslovakia wasn't invited) met and signed the Munich Agreement, in which the powers of Europe agreed to the annexation of the Sudetenland to Germany. Although Neville Chamberlain, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stated that this agreement would mean "peace for [their] time", it foolishly left the gate to the rest of Czechoslovakia and much of Eastern Europe wide open for Hitler to invade, which he did- less that 7 months later.
 * (Carroll) - ** What was Lend - Lease, and the Destroyer Deal? -
 * The Lend-Lease (or Destroyer) Deal was an American plan signed by FDR to provide supplies to many Allied nations during WWII, spending the equivalent of over $638 billion on trucks, canned goods, aluminum, airplane parts, rifling and other military supplies. Unfortunately, The Lend-Lease Deal only lent the money and supplies out, very few ships and cash was returned, plunging the United States into an economic crisis. Luckily, since the US was such a pivotal player in the War, Many countries began a kind of repayment <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] after the war but it was only enough to keep the US afloat, not to repay all supplies.**
 * (Consolver) - ** Who were the significant military commanders during the Second World War for each of the following nations: The United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, China, and the Soviet Union?
 * (Coville) - ** What was the Atlantic Charter, and what is its significance?
 * (Craver) - **What was the significance of the rearming of the Rhineland? The Anschluss? The Sudetenland?
 * (Dam) - ** What is the Battle of Britain, and when does it occur? - This is the name given to the Second World War air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940. The name is derived from a famous speech delivered by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the House of Commons: "... the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin." The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date. The German objective was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force, especially Fighter Command. From July 1940, coastal shipping convoys and shipping centers, such as Portsmouth, were the main targets; one month later, the Luftwaffe shifted its attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure. As the battle progressed, the Luftwaffe also targeted aircraft factories and ground infrastructure. Eventually the Luftwaffe resorted to attacking areas of <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] significance and using terror bombing strategy. By preventing Germany from gaining air superiority, the battle ended the threat that Hitler would launch Operation Sea Lion, an amphibious and airborne invasion of Britain. However, Germany continued bombing operations on Britain, known as The Blitz. The failure of Germany to achieve its objectives of destroying Britain's air defenses, or forcing Britain to negotiate an armistice or an outright surrender, is considered its first major defeat and a crucial turning point in the Second World War.

The Soviet partisans were members of a resistance <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> which fought a guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II.
 * (Davis) - ** Who were the Partisans that fought on the Eastern Front?

The movement was coordinated and controlled by the Soviet government and modeled on that of the Red Army. The primary objective of the guerrilla warfare waged by the Soviet partisan units was the disruption of the Eastern Front's German rear, especially road and rail <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">. There were also regular military formations, also called partisans, that were used to conduct long-range reconnaissance patrol missions behind enemy lines from bases within Soviet-held territory.


 * (Diver) - ** Where did Japan launch an attack on Dec. 7, 1941?

The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, destroying a major part of the American Pacific fleet and was declared by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as “a date which will live in infamy.” Roosevelt requested a declaration of war from Congress and overwhelmingly received it, launching a new partner into the Allied side of the war. The attack was intended to cripple the American naval threat and thus end any potential obstruction to Japanese dominance in the Pacific, but instead destroyed almost all American support for isolationism and eventually led to the demise of Japanese efforts.

The Doolittle Raid, also known as the Tokyo Raid, ocurred on 18 April 1942 and was an air raid during World War II by the US on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu Island. A retaliation against the bombin go fPearl Harbor, it showed that Japan was vulnerable to American air attack.While boosting US morale, it damaged Japan's. There were casualties among the Americans, as eight were caught by the japanese and three were killed. The raid caused Japan to withdraw its powerful aircraft carrier force from the Indian Ocean to defend their home lands instead.The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle.Although it only caused negligible material damage to Japan, only hitting non-military targets or missing completely, the raid was a boost for American's morale.This raid represents a departure in military tactics because it was different from any other tactic done before by the US and is an <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of their usual tactics.
 * (Do) - ** What was the Doolittle Raid, and why does it <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] a departure in military tactics?
 * (Edward) - ** What was the importance of Corregidor and the Bataan Death March?

**<span style="color: #000099; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Japanese did not follow European tradition which usually honours troops who surrender after a gallant defence and treats female captives with respect and compassion. Infuriated by the lengthy American resistance on Bataan, and the heavy losses they had suffered themselves, the Japanese vented their rage on their <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> and exhausted prisoners of war whom they subjected to the atrocities of the Bataan Death March and the harsh conditions of Japanese "hell camps". **

TehranConference
 * (Elizondo) - ** What was the Strategy of Island Hopping?
 * Island Hopping” is the phrase given to the strategy employed by the United States to gain military bases and secure the many small islands in the Pacific. The attack was lead by General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied forces in the South west Pacific, and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-chief of the Pacific fleet. The US troops targeted the islands that were not as strongly defended by the Japanese. They took control of those islands, and quickly constructed landing strips and small military bases. Then they proceeded to attack other islands from the bases they had established. Slowly the US army moved closer to Japan, taking control of many of the surrounding islands. **
 * On April 26th, 1942, MacArthur met with Admiral William “Bull” Halsey, and laid out the offensive “Cartwheel” plan. They aimed to corner Japanese troops on Rabaul Island, with MacArthur’s troops advancing along the northern coast of New Guinea, and Halsey’s troops driving north from Guadalcanal, and taking control of the Solomon Islands. **
 * In February 1945 US troops invaded Iwo Jima; the first American landing on Japanese territory. It was a bloody fight that last 36 days, and cost the US 6, 381 men. Nearly 20,000 Japanese soldiers perished. In April came the invasion of Okinawa, the bloodiest battle of the war in the Pacific in which the Japanese launched massive Kamikaze attacks on the US invasion fleet. **
 * The island hopping strategy was very costly. The US soldiers were not used to the guerilla style of fighting, and the Japanese had the advantage of controlling many of the islands. Further, many US soldiers succumbed to illnesses such as Malaria, dysentery and skin fungus. **
 * Ultimately, the island hopping campaign was successful. It allowed the US to gain control over sufficient islands in the Pacific to get close enough to Japan to launch a mainland invasion. However, the island hopping took a long time and was very costly; even after war was close to ending in Europe it appeared that the war might <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://couponcp-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19.5" link="#"]] indefinitely in the Pacific. Fearing a drawn out war with many more casualties, the US made plans to end the war quickly and force Japan’s surrender. They achieved this with the World’s first Atomic bombs. **
 * (Elphick) - ** What were the Yalta, Teheran, and Potsdam Conferences? Who was there, and what decisions were arrived at?

By the end of 1943 as the war improved, the Big Three started to look forward to the chance for peace. At the Teheran Conference in November Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt for. The Red Army had begun to push the Germans back after the Battle of Stalingrad. The Germans had been forced out of Africa, Italy had been invaded. Also America had halted the Japanese .Britain and America agreed to open a second front against the Germans early in 1944 by invading northern France. Stalin, in turn, promised to enter the war against Japan as soon as Germany was defeated. After the war Russia was promised compensation through polish territory but Poland would gain German territory. The leaders agreed on the idea of a new world peace <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> to replace the League of Nations.

The Yalta Conference (February 1945) The conference at Yalta in the Crimea was the first of the conferences in 1945 to try to plan out the future after the war. It was Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill. Agreement was reached on a number of points, including: * United Nations Organization

* Division of Germany into occupation zones for each <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">

* Berlin (in the Russian zone) also to be split into zones

* occupation of Austria

* Bessarabia and the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia ,seized by Stalin in 1939 would <span style="background: transparent !important; border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 13px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 19.5px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; text-indent: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> part of the USSR * free elections in Eastern Europe

* Stalin would join the war against Japan 3 months after Germany’s defeat

Postdam conference -After gremany’s surrender in July 1945 *For the time being, Germany was to be run by a Control Council made up of the four military commanders of the four zones

* Nazi leaders were to be put on trial

* Similar arrangements were made for Austria

-The agreements reached at Yalta conference.

The Americans were ready to launch an invasion to Occupy France as early as 1942, but Churchill convinced Roosevelt into landings in North Africa (1942), and then Sicily and Italy (1943) first. Churchill had served as battalion commander on the Western Front during the last 2 years of WWI, and his overriding concern throughout WW2 was to avoid heavy casualties in a campaign in France against the Germans. While launching the Second Front in 1942 would have been premature, there was no real reason to invade Sicily and Italy rather than France in 1943. The Italian campaign tied down far more Allied troops and resources than German, and failed in its strategic aim of driving swiftly up the peninsula to invade Germany from the south. All this delay ticked off Stalin intensely, as he wanted German troops withdrawn from the Russian Front to deal with an Allied Second Front; within 2 months of D-Day, the Russians were able to launch an offensive that virtually destroyed the German army in the East that effectively decided the war on that front. **Strategic bombing during World War II** includes any government undertaking independent air campaigns of a clearly strategic intent. This includes the sustained bombing of railways, harbours, workers' housing, and industrial districts in enemy territory. The strategy is the [|air power] theory that major victories can best be won by attacking the enemy's industrial and political infrastructure, rather than purely military targets. [|[11]] [|Strategic bombing] is distinct from both [|close air support] of ground forces and "tactical air power" (which is the battle for control of the air space.) [|[12]] On 1 September 1939 Germany invaded Poland and the // [|Luftwaffe] // (German air force) began providing [|close air support] to the [|German Army]. The //Luftwaffe// also began eliminating strategic objectives and bombing cities and civilian population in Poland in an indiscriminate [|[13]] [|aerial bombardment campaign]. On 3 September France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany and that same night the UK's [|Royal Air Force] (RAF) began attacking German [|warships] along the German coast with the [|North Sea]. [|[14]] Fat Man and Little Boy were the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 1945. They were quite powerful and caused many casualties. The bombing made Japan surrender pretty quickly, needless to say.
 * (Eubank) - ** What were the important battles of the Pacific Campaign, and how did the results affect the course of the war? Battles of Okinawa, Guadalcanal, Leyte Gulf, Mariana Islands, Coral Sea, and Midway. In most of these battles, the Japanese were defeated, which led to an American victory through the whole campaign.
 * (Evans) - ** What was the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad/Leningrad/Moscow in WW II? Stalingrad- one of the bloodiest battles in history, decisive battle due to the extensive casualties on the germans (Wermacht). Leningrad- The siege of Leningrad in 1942-1944 was severe in that it caused massive amounts of casualties for the Russians. Moscow-1941-2 German offensive failed and the soviet counter-offensive pushed the germans back nearly trapping the Germans. It dealt a blow to the Germans that made them rethink and regroup.
 * (Feagan) - ** What were the significant battles fought on the Western Front in World War II?
 * (Fisher) - ** Why did the United States and Great Britain delay opening a second front in France?
 * (Franco) - ** What was the process that led the United States to develop the atomic bomb?
 * (French) - ** Describe the bombing practices of the United States during the Second World War? How effective was it?
 * (Harper) - ** Who or what were Fat Man and Little Boy?
 * (Hunt) - ** What was the significance of the USS //Indianapolis//? The Indianapolis was sunk after delivering parts for the first atomic bomb. The Japanese Imperial Navy attacked and sunk the ship 30 July, 1945. Of the 1196 men on board, only 900 survived the initial sinking, only to face sharks, dehydration, sickness, and exposure. Only 317 men survived the 4 days at sea. No one was aware the ship had sunk due to the top secret condition of the mission the ship was on. The ships sinking marked the greatest single loss of life ever in the history of the U.S. Navy.
 * (Jenkins) - ** What was the Manhattan Project?

The Manhattan Project was a research and development project led by the United States (with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada) that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1942 to 1946. The Manhattan Project began in 1939 with not too many people invlolved, but it grew to employ over 130,000 people and to cost almost 2 billion dollars(would now be about $26 billion).

The Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg. The first, and best known of these trials, described as "the greatest trial in history" by Norman Birkett, one of the British judges who presided over it, was the trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal IMT. Held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the Tribunal was given the task of trying 23 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich, though one of the defendants, Martin Bormann, was tried //in absentia// while another, Robert Ley, committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement. Not included were Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide several months before the indictment was signed The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among them included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial.
 * (Jones) - ** What was the Nurnburg War Crimes trial? Who were the defendants, and what became of them?

-the Tokyo War Crimes Trail resulted in a humanitarian conflict for the class B and C criminals for whom the general outcry of the general populace was for amnesty to be granted. President Truman instantiated the Parole Board for War Criminals to allow the Japanese government to help determine the sentencing and amendments to the sentencing of the class B and C Japanese war criminals. By 1958, all Japanese war criminals were released and had been politically rehabilitated. -With the exception of the class A criminals, the majority of the defendants received penalties many regarded as extremely lenient in lieu of their crimes. As stated in the prior point, the majority of the war criminals were released by 1958, and select members of class A criminals were secretly enshrined by the Japanese government.
 * (Keithley) - ** What was the result of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial? Who were the defendants and what became of them?
 * (Killough) - ** Were any allied officials tried for war crimes? What could they have been charged with had there been the necessity of a trial?