Review+-+The+Renaissance

** Review Sheet – Renaissance ** __Directions__: Answer the following questions here on the wiki (or don’t). I advise you to be able to answer all of these questions with more than a couple of sentences? Why YES! You are ultimately responsible for all of this information, but unfortunately there is very little time to go over all of these items. Francesco Petrarch- Samantha Elizondo (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374)
 * AP European History **
 * Identification **
 * An Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy
 * One of the earliest humanists: “the Father of Humanism”
 * Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance.
 * Petrarch would be later endorsed as a model for Italian style by the Accademia della Crusca.
 * Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry.
 * He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the "Dark Ages".

Desiderus Erasmus- Jennifer Yakubek
 * Born October 27, 1466 in Rotterdam, died July 12, 1536 in Basel
 * Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. Amongst humanists, he enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists"; he has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists"
 * He remained a member of the Catholic church ; made new Latin and Greek versions of the New Testament by using humanist techniques for working on texts that rose questions in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation; was critical to the abuses within the Church but stayed away from Martin Luther and continued to recognize the authority of the pope; emphasized a middle way (deep respect for traditional faith, piety, and grace; rejected Luther's emphasis on faith alone); remained committed to reforming the Church and its clerics' abuses from within; held to Catholic doctrines such as free will which was rejected by some Reformers for predestination. His middle road approach disappointed and sometimes angered scholars on both sides. (-Jennifer Yakubek)

 Niccolo Machiavelli - Jennifer Yakubek
 * Born May 3, 1469 in Florence, died June 21, 1527 in Florence
 * Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer; founder of modern political science (specifically political ethics); also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry; was Secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498-1512 when the Medici were out of power; wrote the Prince after the Medici came back into power and he no longer held a position of authority in Florence; dedicated the final version of the Prince to Lorenzo de' Medici (-Jennifer Yakubek)

Dante - Tarun Rajpurohit
 * Dante was an Italian poet and moral philosopher best known for the epic poem The Divine Comedy, which comprises sections representing the three tiers of the Christian afterlife: purgatory, heaven, and hell. This poem, a great work of medieval literature and considered the greatest work of literature composed in Italian, is a philosophical Christian vision of mankind’s eternal fate.
 * Dante is seen as the father of modern Italian, and his works have flourished since before his 1321 death.

Donatello - Tarun Rajpurohit >
 * Real name Donato di Betto Bardi.
 * Donatello was the son of Niccolò di Betto Bardi, who was a member of the Florentine Wool Combers Guild
 * 1386--1466, Florentine sculptor, regarded as the greatest sculptor of the quattrocento, who was greatly influenced by classical sculpture and contemporary humanist theories. Hismarble relief of St George Killing the Dragon (1416--17) shows his innovative use of perspective.
 * Other outstanding works are the classic bronze David, and the bronze equestrian monument to Gattamelatta,which became the model of subsequent equestrian sculpture

Michelangelo- Tarun Rajpurohit


 * F ull name // Michelangelo Buonarroti.  // 1475--1564,
 * Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, and poet; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance.
 * Among his creations are the sculptures of // David  // and of //  Moses  // which was commissioned for the tomb of Julius II, for whom he also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, //  The Last Judgment  //, also in the Sistine, includes a torturous vision of Hell and a disguised self-portrait.
 * His other works include the design of the Laurentian Library (1523--29) and of the dome of St Peter's, Rome

Baldassare Castiglione- KaCee French Castiglione was born into an illustrious family at [|Casatico], near [|Mantua] ([|Lombardy]), where his family had constructed an impressive palazzo. The //[|signoria]// (lordship) of Casatico (today part of the [|commune] of [|Marcaria]) had been assigned to an ancestor, Baldassare da Castiglione, a friend of [|Ludovico III Gonzaga], Marquis of Mantua, in 1445.[|[][|3][|]] The later Baldasare was related to Ludovico Gonzaga through his mother, Luigia Gonzaga.

In 1494 at the age of sixteen Castiglione began his [|humanist studies] in [|Milan], studies which would eventually inform his future writings. However, in 1499 after the death of his father, Castiglione left his studies and Milan to succeed his father as the head of their [|noble family]. Soon his duties included officially representing the [|Gonzaga] court; for instance, he accompanied his marquis for the [|Royal entry] at Milan of [|Louis XII]. He traveled quite often for the Gonzagas; during one of his missions to [|Rome] he met [|Guidobaldo da Montefeltro], [|Duke of Urbino]; and in 1504, a reluctant [|Francesco Gonzaga] allowed him to leave and take up residence in that court.

[|Urbino] was at that time the most refined and elegant of the Italian courts, a cultural center ably directed and managed by the Duchess [|Elisabetta Gonzaga] and her sister-in-law [|Emilia Pia], whose portraits, along with those of many of their guests, were painted by Raphael, a native of Urbino. Regular guests included: [|Pietro Bembo]; Ludovico da Canossa; [|Giuliano de' Medici]; [|Cardinal Bibbiena]; the brothers [|Ottaviano] and [|Federigo Fregoso] from the [|Republic of Genoa].;[|[][|4][|]] [|Francesco Maria della Rovere] (nephew and heir of Duke and Duchess of Urbino); and [|Cesare Gonzaga], a cousin of both Castiglione and the Duke. The hosts and guests organized intellectual contests, pageants, dances, concerts, recitations, plays, and other cultural activities, producing brilliant literary works.[|[][|5][|]] Elisabetta's virtue and abilities inspired Castiglione to compose a series of Platonic love songs and sonnets in her honor. She deeply loved her husband though his invalid state meant they could never have children.

In 1506 Castiglione wrote (and acted in) a pastoral play, his eclogue //Tirsi//, in which he depicted the court of Urbino allegorically through the figures of three shepherds. The work contains echoes of both ancient and contemporary poetry, recalling [|Poliziano] and [|Sannazzaro] as well as [|Virgil].

Castiglione wrote about his works and of those of other guests in letters to other princes, maintaining an activity very near to diplomacy, though in a literary form, as in his correspondence with his friend and kinsman, Ludovico da [|Canossa] (later Bishop of [|Bayeux]).

[|Francesco Maria della Rovere] succeeded as Duke of Urbino at Guidobaldo's death, and Castiglione remained at his court. He and the new Duke of Urbino took part in [|Pope Julius II]'s expedition against [|Venice], an episode in the [|Italian Wars]. For this the Duke conferred on Castiglione the title of Count of Novilara, a fortified hill town near [|Pesaro]. When [|Pope Leo X] was elected in 1512, Castiglione was sent to Rome as ambassador from Urbino. There he was friendly with many artists and writers; including [|Raphael], whom he already knew from Urbino, and who frequently sought his advice. In tribute to their friendship, Raphael painted his [|famous portrait of Castiglione], now at the [|Louvre].[|[][|6][|]]

In 1516 Castiglione was back in Mantua, where he married a very young Ippolita Torelli, descendant of another noble Mantuan family. That Castiglione's love for Ippolita was of a very different nature from his former platonic attachment to Elisabetta Gonzaga is evidenced by the two deeply passionate letters he wrote to her that have survived. Sadly, Ippolita died a mere four years after their marriage, while Castiglione was away in Rome as ambassador for the Duke of Mantua. In 1521 Pope Leo X conceded to him the //[|tonsura]// (first sacerdotal ceremony) and thereupon began Castiglione's second, ecclesiastical career.

In 1524 [|Pope Clement VII] sent Castiglione to [|Spain] as [|Apostolic nuncio] (ambassador of the [|Holy See]) in Madrid, and in this role he followed court of Emperor [|Charles V] to [|Toledo], [|Seville] and [|Granada]. At the time of the [|Sack of Rome (1527)] Pope Clement VII suspected Castiglione of having harbored a "special friendship" for the Spanish emperor: Castiglione, the Pope believed, should have informed the Holy See of [|Charles V]'s intentions, for it was his duty to investigate what Spain was planning against the Eternal City. On the other hand, Alonso de Valdés, twin brother of the humanist [|Juan de Valdés] and secretary of the emperor, publicly declared the sack to have been a divine punishment for the sinfulness of the [|clergy].

Castiglione answered both the Pope and Valdés in two famous letters from [|Burgos]. He took Valdés to task, severely and at length, in his response to the latter's comments about the Sack of Rome. While in his letter to the Pope (dated December 10, 1527), he had the audacity to criticize [|Vatican] policies, asserting that its own inconsistencies and vacillations had undermined its stated aim of pursuing a fair agreement with the emperor and had provoked Charles V to attack.

Against all expectations, Castiglione received the Pope's apologies and the emperor honored him with the offer of the position of [|Bishop of Avila]. Historians today believe that Castiglione had carried out his ambassadorial duties to Spain in an honorable manner and bore no responsibility for the sack of Rome. He died of the plague in Toledo in 1529.

After his death in 1529 a monument was erected to him in the sanctuary of Sta Maria delle Grazie, outside of his birthplace of Mantua. It was designed by the mannerist painter and architect [|Giulio Romano], a pupil of Raphael, and inscribed with the following words:

> Baldasssare Castiglione of Mantua, endowed by nature with every gift and the knowledge of many disciplines, learned in Greek and Latin literature, and a poet in the Italian (Tuscan) language, was given a castle in Pesaro on account of his military prowess, after he had conducted embassies to both great Britain and Rome. While he was working at the Spanish court on behalf of Clement VII, he drew up the Book of the Courtier for the education of the nobility; and in short, after Emperor Charles V had elected him Bishop of Avila, he died at Toledo, much honored by all the people. He lived fifty years, two months, and a day. His mother, Luigia Gonzaga, who to her own sorrow outlived her son, placed this memorial to him in 1529.[|[][|7][|]]

Leonardo DaVinci-
 * Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci** ( Italian pronunciation: [|[leoˈnardo da vˈvintʃi]] [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png width="11" height="11" caption="About this sound" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:It-Leonardo_di_ser_Piero_da_Vinci.ogg"]] [|pronunciation] ([|help]·[|info])  ; April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, [|Old Style]) was an [|Italian Renaissance] [|polymath]: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, [|cartographer], [|botanist], and writer. His [|genius], perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the [|Renaissance Man], a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".[|[][|1][|]] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[|[][|2][|]] According to art historian [|Helen Gardner], the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".[|[][|1][|]] Marco Rosci states that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.[|[][|3][|]]

Born [|out of wedlock] to a [|notary], Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, in [|Vinci] in the region of [|Florence], Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, [|Verrocchio]. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of [|Ludovico il Moro] in [|Milan]. He later worked in [|Rome], [|Bologna] and [|Venice], and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded him by [|Francis I].

Leonardo was, and is, renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the //[|Mona Lisa]// is the most famous and most parodied portrait[|[][|4][|]] and //[|The Last Supper]// the most reproduced religious painting of all time, with their fame approached only by [|Michelangelo]'s //[|The Creation of Adam]//.[|[][|1][|]] Leonardo's drawing of the //[|Vitruvian Man]// is also regarded as a [|cultural icon],[|[][|5][|]] being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin, textbooks, and T-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived, the small number because of his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic [|procrastination].[|[][|nb 1][|]] Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary, [|Michelangelo].

Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, a [|tank], [|concentrated solar power], an [|adding machine],[|[][|6][|]] and the [|double hull], also outlining a rudimentary theory of [|plate tectonics]. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,[|[][|nb 2][|]] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated [|bobbin] winder and a machine for testing the [|tensile strength] of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.[|[][|nb 3][|]] He made important discoveries in [|anatomy], [|civil engineering], [|optics], and [|hydrodynamics], but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.[|[][|7][|]]

Giotto - Nikolas Wieland
 * An Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance. Giotto's contemporary, the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote that Giotto was "the most sovereign master of painting in his time, who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature.
 * He was given a salary by the Commune of Florence in virtue of his talent and excellence.” The late-16th century biographer Giorgio Vasari describes Giotto as making a decisive break with the prevalent Byzantine style and as initiating "the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years."
 * Giotto's masterwork is the decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, also known as the Arena Chapel, completed around 1305. This fresco cycle depicts the life of the Virgin and the life of Christ. It is regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.That Giotto painted the //Arena Chapel //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;"> and that he was chosen by the Comune of Florence in 1334 to design the new //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">campanile //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;"> (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral are among the few certainties of his biography. Almost every other aspect of it is subject to controversy: his birthdate, his birthplace, his appearance, his apprenticeship, the order in which he created his works, whether or not he painted the famous frescoes at Assisi, and his burial place. (Nickolas Wieland)

Titian -Samantha Elizondo one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects.
 * ** Tiziano Vecelli ** (1488 – 1576) Also known as **Titian** and da Cadore.
 * An Italian painter: the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. He was born in the Republic of Venice.
 * His painting methods, particularly <span style="background-color: transparent !important; border-image: none !important; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size-adjust: none !important; font-stretch: normal !important; font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="18"]] and use of color, influenced not only painters in the Italian Renaissance, but also the future generations of Western art.
 * Titian's artistic manner changed drastically but retained distinct in color. His mature works did not contain the vivid tints of his early pieces, their loose brushwork and subtlety of tone are without precedent in the history of Western art.

Paolo Uccello >
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.72px;">Paolo Uccello, born Paolo di Dono, was an Italian painter and a mathematician who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art in 1937 Florence, Italy.

Fra Angelico- Taryn Nugen Fra Angelico was born(as Guido di Pietro) 1395 in Rupecanina in the Tuscan area of Mugello and died Febuary 18, 1455. They call him Fra Angelico (or "Angelic Friar" in English) because of his beatification by Pope John Paul II in 1982 in recognition of the holy life he lead. One of his more famous paintings is Madonna and Saints painted on the San Marco Alterpiece in Florence.

Tommaso Masaccio Raphael An Italian painter and architect, Raphael was renowned for the clarity and ease of composition of his work. The often serene and harmonious quality of his work led to appreciation. Additionally, he also incorporated Neoplatonic ideals. Together with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he is considered to be one of the greatest artists to come out of that time period. Although he died young, he left behind a multitude of works such as his numerous self portraits, St. Peter’s Basilica, and School of Athens.

Bottacelli A Florentine painter apprenticed under Fra Filippo Lippi, Botticelli was known for incorporating sad characteristics into his paintings and using line and detail to bring his characters alive. His use of Christian and pagan ideas such as mythology, or Neoplatonism, resulted in paintings such as Birth of Venus. Some recurring themes in his paintings are: -Melancholy young women detached from surroundings -Male/female roles -Dominant and important females He was sponsored by the Medici family. As Botticelli grew older, his paintings became more religious. In addition to Birth of Venus he is known for La Primavera and The Mystical Nativity.

Albrecht Durer Jan van Eyck Hans Holbein Rembrandt van Rijn Filippo Brunelleschi Platonism Pico della Mirandola Johann Gutenberg Lorenzo de Medici Catherine de Medici Cosimo de Medici Giovanni de Medici Guilio de Medici Savanarola John Wycliff John Hus Lucrezia Borgia Cesare Borgia Thomas More

Andreas Vesalius- Ben Theisen

 * Brabantian (modern-day Belgium) anatomist.
 * 1514-1564
 * Wrote //The Structure of the Human Body// in 1543.
 * Scientists formerly relied on 2nd century writings of Galen, who wrote an authoritative description of all human muscles and tissues, for information of anatomy of the human.
 * Dissected human cadavers and demonstrated many errors in Galen's work.
 * Greatly improved understanding of human anatomy.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 160%;">Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19 1473 in the city of Toruń in the province of Royal Prussia, in Kingdom of Poland. Mathematician and astronomer who came up with heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun at the center.-tandav elphick

Christopher Columbus Amerrigo Vespucci Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella of Castille Pope Sixtus IV Pope Julius II Pope Leo X Pope VI Bartolomeo Dias John Cabot Donato Brammante Guillaume Dufay Leonardo Bruni Lorenzo Valla Poggio Bracciolini Marcilo Ficino Henry VII (E) Ivan III (R) Ivan IV (R) Charles VIII (F) Louis XII (F)Charles VII (F) Louis XI (F) Emperor Frederick III Emperor Maximillian I

//The Decameron// //The Prince// //The Birth of Venus- Ben Theisen// - Botticelli //The Torment of St. Anthony- Ben Theisen// - Michelangelo //The Book of the Courtier// //Letters to the Ancient Dead// //The Divine Comedy// //Oracle on the Dignity of Man// sculpture of //David- Ben Theisen// -Michelangelo This sculpture shows the style of mannerism. //Mona Lisa- Ben Theisen// -Leonardo de Vinci She has no eyebrows.... but her eyes follow you so that's cool. Just kidding, this piece shows the two sides of darkness and light. //Arnolfini Weddingan- Ben Theisen// -Jan van Eyck This painting is considered one of the more original and complex paintings in Western art because of the iconography, the unusual geometric orthogonal perspective, the use of the mirror to reflect the space. //School of Athens- Ben Theisen// -Raphael This painting shows the use of the vanishing point. Painted in 1509-1510 for the Apostolic Palace in Vatican.
 * Impt. Intellectual Works **

Well, that was easy- Jennifer Yakubek
 * Review Questions **
 * 1) What distinguishes the Renaissance from the Middle Ages?
 * 2) What were the Italian city-states and where were they located?
 * 1) How does Renaissance art differ from Medieval art?
 * 2) How does Francesco Petrarch impact the Renaissance?
 * 3) Who was the de Medici family? Where did they originate, who were the significant family members and how did they impact Western Europe?
 * 4) How does the Italian Renaissance differ from the Northern Renaissance?
 * 5) What’s humanism? How does humanism differ between Italy and Northern Europe?
 * 6) How does the relationship between God, the Church, and Man change during the Renaissance?
 * 7) Who were the principle renaissance painters from both the Italian and the Northern Renaissance? How did their work influence the time period and other artists?
 * 8) What were the artistic advancements of the time period, and who developed them?
 * 9) Who were the principle authors of the time period and what did they write? How did their ideas differ from previous thought?
 * 10) What were the significant wars of the time period and who fought them?
 * 11) Who were the powerful Italian families (i.e. Medici, Borgia, Sforrza…) and how do they impact the history of Western Europe?
 * 12) Who were the influential artists of the Renaissance, and what works did they create?
 * 13) The Renaissance movement was not universally supported, so who was opposed to it and why?
 * 14) What were the political changes that occurred in Europe during the Renaissance?
 * 15) Who were the significant Popes of the Renaissance?
 * 16) Who were the significant political leaders of the Renaissance?
 * 17) What is the significance of the French invasion of Northern Italy by Charles VIII?
 * 18) What were the consequences of the Sack of Rome (1527) on the Renaissance?
 * 19) What impact does the commercial revolution from the 12th – 14th centuries have on the development of the Renaissance both in Italy and in Northern Europe?
 * 20) What is family life like during the Renaissance? Does life in Southern Europe during the Italian Renaissance differ from its counterpart in Germany and the Low Countries during the Northern Renaissance?
 * 21) How did the Renaissance impact <span style="background-color: transparent !important; border-image: none !important; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size-adjust: none !important; font-stretch: normal !important; font: 13px/19px arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19"]] in Western Europe?
 * 22) How did the Humanist philosophy of history differ from their predecessors?
 * 23) The Renaissance Papacy differed significantly from the Medieval Papacy in several aspects, particularly in respect to its responsibilities regarding the spiritual leadership of the Church. How and why were the Renaissance Popes different from the Medieval predecessors?
 * 24) What’s a Lollard? How were they a sign of things to come?
 * 25) How did John Hus and John Wycliff impact the religious world of the Renaissance?
 * 26) How did music change during the Renaissance? Ben Theisen Baroque style music became popular beginning in the 17th century. Baroque style evokes passion and mystery in contrast to the Renaissance emphasis on harmonious design, unity, and clarity. Protestants embraced baroque music.
 * 27) What is Neoplatonism?
 * 28) What is Hermeticism? Ben Theisen: A religious and philosophical tradition based primarily upon writings of Hermes Trismegistus. Claims that a single true theology does exist which is in all religions and was given by God to man in antiquity.
 * 29) How do Neoplatonism and Hermeticism fit with the teachings of the Christian Church?
 * 30) Who were the significant heretics and schismatics of the Renaissance period?
 * 31) How does the political landscape change during the Renaissance?
 * 32) What’s a nation state? What were the first nation states?
 * 33) What families sat on the principle thrones in Europe (i.e. the Tudors, Hapsburgs, etc.)?